Carotid stenting has become one of the effective ways in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis.In-stent restenosis is one of the major causes impacting long-term effects following carotid stenting.It is also an important factor for impacting the prognosis of patients.The monitoring,prevention and treatment of in-stent restenosis have been a major clinical chanllege.This article reviews the progress in research on the in-stent restenosis in recent years.

Objective To investigate the role of CCL2 in pain facilitation and spinal mechanisms in the rat model of bone cancer pain.Methods The bone cancer pain model was developed by inoculating.Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells into the rat tibia medullary cavity.SD female rats were divided into 5 groups randomly ( n =8):sham group( group Ⅰ),sham + CCL2 antibody group( group Ⅱ),BCP group( group Ⅲ),BCP +control lgG group ( group Ⅳ),BCP + CCL2 antibody group ( group Ⅴ ).VonFrey threshold was measured one day before operation and 1 st,3 rd,5th,7th,10th,14th,21 st after operation.CCL2 antibody or control lgG was injected intrathecally from 10th to 12th day.The expression of the spinal Iba-1 ( microglial marker) in rat lumbar4-5 was detected by immunohistochemistry assay.Results From the 10th to 21st day after operation,the PMWT of group Ⅲ rats were ( 1.78 ±0.38)g,( 1.70 ±0.17)g,( 1.35 ±0.07 )g;group Ⅳ rats were (2.99 ±0.67)g,(2.52 ±0.75)g,(1.13±0.07)g ; and group Ⅴ rats were (5.88±0.66)g,(7.81 ±0.75)g,(6.19±0.53)g.Compared with group Ⅲ,the PMWT of group Ⅴ was remarkly higher (P＜0.01) ; group Ⅳ had no obvious statistical significance (P＞0.05).At the 14th day after operation,the MOD of group Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ rats were (151.3 ±10.8 ),( 149.2 ± 10.6),(74.5 ± 5.0),Compared with group Ⅲ,the MOD of group Ⅴ was significantly increased (P＜0.01 ),group Ⅳ had no obvious statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Intrathecal injection of CCL2 antibody can remarkly attenuate established pain facilitation of tibial bone cancer pain rats,and significantly suppress the expression of Iba-1.It suggests that CCL2 is involved in the bone cancer pain via activation of spinal microglia.

Objective To analyze the changes in peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations in patients with primary, secondary and latent syphilis. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect CD14highCD16- and CD14+CD16+ monocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from 58 patients with untreated syphilis, including 36 cases of latent syphilis,8 cases of primary syphilis and 14 cases of secondary syphilis, as well as from 65 normal human controls. Restflts Compared with the normal controls, the proportion of CD14+CD16+ monocytes among total monocytes was significantly elevated (12.0% ± 5.0% vs 6.0% ± 3.3%, t = 7.25, P < 0.01), while that of CD14highCD16- monocytes was down-regulated (88.0% ± 5.1% vs 94.0% ± 3.5%, t = -7.20, P < 0.01). No statistical difference was observed in the proportion of CD14+CD16+ or CD14hhighCD16- monocytes among the patients with primary syphilis, secondary syphilis and those with latent syphilis (all P > 0.05). Conclusions The changes in peripheral blood monocyte subpopulation in patients with untreated syphilis may be associated with the permanent infection of Treponema pallidum, but have no obvious correlation with clinical stage of syphilis.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the course of certain common gamma cytokines ( IL-2 and IL-7 ) and their role on the control of the viral infection in a short term antiviral therapy.Methods A total of 35 adults with chronic HIV infection,responding to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) guideline criteria were enrolled in this one year follow-up study.After signing an informed consent,20 ml blood were collected from each patient at base line,week 0,week 24 and week 48.1 ml serum collected from each patient was kept at -80 * C until use.Serum concentration of IL-2 and IL-7 was determined using ELISA kit from ebioscience Beijing.CD4 and CD8 cells were counted and quantified using flux cytometry,and serum HIV RNA was quantified using real time PCR.Results All patients had a mean baseline IL-2 level [ (9.67 ± 2.6 ) pg/ml ]lower than the controls [ ( 27.36 ± 5.05 ) pg/ml ].After treatment for 48 weeks,IL-2 increased[ ( 19.8 ± 3.3 ) pg/ml ].However,the mean baseline 1L-7 [ ( 81.74± 20.47 ) pg/ml ]in patients was higher than controls [ ( 2.06 ± 1.52 ) pg/ml ].After treatment for 48 weeks,IL-7 decreased [ (8.36 ± 2.16)pg/ml ].IL-2 showed a significant increase and positive correlation with CD4 cells after HAART initiation (0week:R =0.21,P =0.063,24week:R =0.24,P =0.033,48week:R =0.19,P =0.103; IL-7 showed a significant decrease after HAART initiation but it did not show correlation with CD4 cells.We noted there was a negative correlation between IL-2 and CD4 count in HAART baseline (R =0.28,P =0.012 ),but no correlation between IL-7 and CD4 count from 6 month after HAART.IL-2 showed negative correlation with HIV RNA ( R =- 0.17,P =0.032),but IL-7 showed a relationship with the HIV RNA Conclusions The increase of IL-2 coupled with the decrease of IL-7 revealed a partial restoration of immune response during HAART.However,the absence of relationship with HIV RNA suggested that these cytokines might not be directly involved in the reduction of viral load.

Objective: To analyze the mechanism of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and study the relationship between DAI and brain concussion, brain contusion, and primary brain stem injury.Methods: The clinical data and iconographic characteristics of 56 patients with DAI were analyzed retrospectively.Results: Traffic accidents were the main cause of DAI. Among the 56 cases, 34 were injured for at least twice, and 71.43％ of the patients were complicated with contusion.Conclusions: It is considered that DAI is a common pattern of primary brain injury, which is often underestimated. And DAI includes cerebral concussion and primary brain injury, and is often complicated by cerebral cortex contusion. Therefore, it is very simple and practical to divide primary brain injuries into local and diffuse injuries.

Objective The study aimed to investigate the relationship between arrhythmia occurrence and nerve remodeling of thoracic spinalcord 1-5 nerves as well as myocardial electrophysiological remodeling in a metal stress rat model.Methods Thirty SD rats (weight 180-250 g)were randomly divided into control group (n = 10),stress group (n = 10) and fluoxetine group (n = 10,10 mg/kg i.p.for 3 weeks).Stress model (given by unpredicted chronic mild stress) was established according to Cronli's protocol.Following parameters were observed:( 1 ) ECG waveform change and arrhythmias ; (2)tissue field action potential duration (FAPD) of thoracic spinal cord 1 - 5 and cardiac tissue mapped by microelectrode arrays ( MEA ) technique; ( 3 ) myocardial growth-associated protein ( GAP-43 ),tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) distribution observed by immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscope (LSCM).ResultsThree weeks later:(1) The body weight,food intake,consumption of sugar water,the horizontal and vertical movement score,cleaning action of rats were significantly decreased,and fecal grains significantly increased,P-wave,P-R interval,QRS-wave and Q-T interval were significantly prolonged and heart rate was significantly reduced in stress group compared with control group ( all P ＜0.05).Incidence of ventricular premature beat was 80％ in stress group and 0％ in control group (P ＜ 0.05 ).The FA PD of thoracic spinal cord 1 -5 nerves [ ( 144.25 ± 12.63 )ms vs (79.56 ±8.01 )ms ] and of cardiac tissue [ LA ( 122.43 ± 19.34)ms vs (92.59 ± 7.61 )ms,RA ( 149.89 ± 14.68 )ms vs (105.18 ± 15.94) ms,LV(162.62 ± 7.04) ms vs (110.45 ±6.92) ms,RV (152.21 ± 30.49) ms vs ( 131.06 ± 12.04) ms ] were significantly prolonged,FAPD dispersion (FAPDd) significantly increased [ thoracic spinal cord 1 - 5 ( 13.3 ± 9.11 ) ms vs ( 9.36 ± 7.01 ) ms ] in stress group compared with the control group.Disarrangement of myocardial cells,proliferation of collagen fiber,infiltration of neutrophil and lymphocytes in the cardiac tissue were also observed and distribution of GAP-43,TH and CHAT was significantly increased in stress group.(2) All these changes could be partly reversed by the treatment with fluoxetine.Conclusion Metal stress induced cardiac autonomic nerve and myocardial electrophysiological remodeling and ventricular arrhythmia in rats which could be significantly attenuated by fluoxetine in this model.