Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Ankang City from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of PTB prevention and control strategy. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of PTB in Ankang City from 2011 to 2021, and a time series model was established to quantitatively predict the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in 2023. Results The incidence rate in Ankang City showed a significant upward trend from 2011 to 2017, and a more obvious downward trend in 2017-2021 (P<0.05), and the decrease rate in 2021 was 40.36% compared with that in 2017. The proportion of etiological positivity increased from 12.5% in 2014 to over 50.00% after 2019. The incidence season was mainly concentrated in the first quarter, accounting for 28.39% of the annual incidence. High incidence areas were concentrated in the south of Ankang: Langao County, Ziyang County and Zhenping County, with 128.32/100 000, 117.07/100 000 and 110.44/100 000, respectively. Low incidence areas were located in the north of Ankang: Ningshan County, with 60.62/100 000. Farmers and students were the high incidence groups, accounting for 81.80% and 4.97% of the total cases respectively. The incidence of young children was relatively low, but cases were reported every year. The incidence rate of male was 2.39 times that of female. The age of onset increased significantly from 15 years old, and the peak incidence was in the age group of 60-<80 years old, followed by the age group of 45-<60 years old, the average annual incidence was 136.44/100 000 and 104.47/100 000, respectively. The model ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)12 predicted that the incidence of the disease generally increased from October 2022 to March 2023, then steadily decreased, and increased again in December. Conclusions The incidence of tuberculosis varies in different areas of Ankang City, and males, farmers, students and the elderly are all factors of high incidence of tuberculosis. Therefore, different prevention and control strategies should be adopted according to the characteristics of population in different areas. The number of cases in Ankang City in 2023 showed an overall downward trend, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of PTB.

OBJECTIVETo explore type 2 diabetes prevalence and its risk factors among migrants and nonmigrants aged 35 years and older in Three Gorge Dam area in Yichang City of Hubei province, China.

METHODSA sample of 9865 rural residents (including 1949 Three Gorge Dam migrants and 7916 nonmigrants) aged 35 years old and over was selected from September to December in 2007 by the method of multi-stage cluster random sampling in Yiling district, Yichang City of Hubei province. The study subjects were assessed by interview, examination, and blood samples. Information on demographics, migrant information, lifestyle, history of diabetes and hypertension was obtained by a questionnaire interview. An overnight fasting blood specimen was collected to measure serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out for those whose fasting glucose was equal to or exceeded 6.1 mmol/L. The standardized prevalence of type 2 diabetes was calculated based on national census in the year of 2000. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the potential risk factors of type 2 diabetes.

RESULTSThe crude prevalence of type 2 diabetes among nonmigrants was 3.93% (310/7885) (male: 3.90% (129/3304), female: 3.95% (181/4581)), and that of migrants was 6.55% (127/1939) (male: 6.85% (52/759), female: 6.36% (75/1180)). The crude prevalence of type 2 diabetes among migrants was higher than that of nonmigrants (χ² = 25.10, P < 0.01 (male: χ² = 12.59, P < 0.01; female: χ² = 12.78, P < 0.01)). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes among nonmigrants was 3.87% in males and 4.15% in females. The standardized prevalence of type 2 diabetes among migrants was 6.92% in males and 6.33% in females. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (taking 35 - 44 years old as reference, 45 - 54 years old: OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.07 - 1.95; 55 - 64 years old: OR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.53 - 2.84; 65 years old and over: OR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.25 - 2.75), family history of diabetes (OR = 2.83, 95%CI: 1.70 - 4.72), overweight or obesity (overweight: OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.05 - 1.78; obesity: OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.47 - 3.01), central obesity (OR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.39 - 2.44), abnormal triglyceride (OR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.21 - 1.97), abnormal total cholesterol (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.11 - 1.77) and abnormal LDL-C (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.19 - 2.79) increased the risk of type 2 diabetes, and regular physical activity (OR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.45 - 0.72) was the protective factor of type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Three Gorge Dam migrants was higher than that of nonmigrants. Increasing age, regular physical activity, family history of diabetes, overweight or obesity, central obesity, abnormal triglyceride, abnormal total cholesterol and abnormal LDL-C were related to type 2 diabetes.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Transients and Migrants

Objective To evaluate the epidemiological features and control status of hypertension in rural area of The Three Gorges. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in mral area of Yiling District, Yichang City, which was located north-west bank of Xiling Gorges in 2007. A standard structure questionnaire was used to collect data on the hypertension history and treatment, social-economic status and life-styles, and so on. Blood pressure was measured by trained observers using standardized mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg( 1 mm Hg =0. 133kPa) and/or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg, or current treatment with antihypertensive medications. Hypertension control was defined as blood pressure levels of less than 140/90 mm Hg. Results A total of 9618 residents aged 35 years and above were included ( response rate: 81.3％ ), and 19. 7％ residents were the Three Gorges migrants. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 37.3％ for all, and 21.3％, 39. 8％,58.0％ for aged 35-44, 45-59, ≥60 years, respectively. The age-adjusted rate was higher in men for all (39.1％) and aged 35-44 years (27.0％) than in women (36.3％ for all and 17.8％ for aged 35-44years, P ＜ 0. 01 ). The age-adjusted rate of awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension were lower in men (18.5％, 9. 0％, 0.9％, respectively) than in women (23.5％, 13.6％, 2. 0％,respectively, all P ＜ 0.01 ).Among the participants with treated hypertension, the control rate of hypertension was only 17.0％. Prevalence and rate of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were similar between migrants and non-migrants. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension is high, but the awareness, treatment, control rates were low in rural area of Yiling District. Efforts should be made to reduce the prevalence rate and to improve the control rate of hypertension in this area.

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for diagnosis of freshwater drowning by amplifying gyrB and 16S rRNA genes of Aeromonas hydrophila using PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE).

METHODSDNA samples were extracted from human, 18 planktons (including Candida albicans, Aeromonas hydrophila, and 16 species of algae), and 30 cases of tissue samples (including the lung, liver, and kidney, all examined with microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy) from human cadavers, including 28 freshwater drowning victims and 2 with natural death. The DNA samples were amplified with the primer AH (for gyrB gene) and primer Ah (for 16S rRNA gene), and the products were analyzed with CE.

RESULTSPCR amplification followed by CE yielded negative results for DNA of human, Candida albicans and 16 species of algae, whereas a positive result was found for Aeromonas hydrophila DNA with PCR products of 195 bp (with primer AH) and 350 bp (with primer Ah). In the 28 drowning cases, the detection rates of Aeromonas hydrophila using primer AH were 96.4% in the lung tissue, 71.4% in the liver tissue, and 60.7% in the kidney, as compared with the rates of 75.0%, 42.9%, and 32.1% using primer Ah, respectively. The positive rates for Aeromonas hydrophila in the organs of the drowning victims were 82.1% and 53.6% with primer AH and primer Ah, respectively. The detection showed negative results in the 2 cases of natural deaths. The two primers produced significantly different detection rates of Aeromonas hydrophila (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPCR coupled with CE for detecting gyrB gene of Aeromonas hydrophila has a high sensitivity in assisting a diagnosis of freshwater drowning. Detection of both the gyrB gene and 16S rRNA gene of Aeromonas hydrophila can yield more convincing evidence of the diagnosis of freshwater drowning.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of histone acetylation against hypoxic-ischemic cortical injury in neonatal rats.

METHODSA total of 90 neonatal rats aged 3 days were divided into three groups: sham-operation, cortical injury model, and sodium butyrate (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) treatment. The rats in the model and the sodium butyrate treatment groups were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg/kg), and then right common carotid artery ligation was performed 2 hours later and the rats were put in a hypoxic chamber (oxygen concentration 6.5%) for 90 minutes. The rats in the sham-operation group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline and the right common carotid artery was only separated and exposed without ligation or hypoxic treatment. The rats in the sodium butyrate treatment group were intraperitoneally injected with sodium butyrate (300 mg/kg) immediately after establishment of the cortical injury model once a day for 7 days. Those in the sham-operation and the model groups were injected with the same volume of normal saline. At 7 days after establishment of the model, Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of histone H3 (HH3), acetylated histone H3 (AH3), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the expression of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as the cortex cell proliferation index.

RESULTSThe sodium butyrate treatment group had a significantly lower HH3/AH3 ratio than the model group (P<0.05), which suggested that the sodium butyrate treatment group had increased acetylation of HH3. Compared with the model group, the sodium butyrate treatment group had a significant increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a significant reduction in CC3 expression, and a significant increase in BDNF expression (P<0.05). The sodium butyrate treatment group had a significant increase in the number of BrdU-positive cells in the cortex compared with the model group (P<0.05), and BrdU was mainly expressed in the neurons.

CONCLUSIONSIncreased histone acetylation may protect neonatal rats against cortical injury by reducing apoptosis and promoting regeneration of neurons. The mechanism may be associated with increased expression of BDNF.

Acetylation ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; analysis ; Butyric Acid ; therapeutic use ; Cerebral Cortex ; pathology ; Female ; Histones ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Urinary Diversion ; adverse effects ; Urinary Fistula ; diagnosis ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) combined with alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) or P63 protein in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant prostatic diseases.

METHODSThe EnVision immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expressions of CXCR4, P504S and P63 protein in 40 specimens of PCa not treated by any anticancer therapy and 30 specimens of BPH tissues. The correlation was analyzed between CXCR4 expression and the characteristics of PCa metastasis.

RESULTSOf the 40 cases of PCa, 33 (82.5%) were stained positive for CXCR4, 37 (92.5%) for P504S and 2 (5%) for P63 protein. Of the 30 cases of BPH, 5 (16.6%) exhibited positivity for CXCR4, 1 for P504S and all for P63. P504S + P63 showed a higher rate of correct diagnosis of PCa than either CXCR4 + P63 or P504S + CXCR4. There was a statistically significant correlation between CXCR4 expression and cancer metastasis (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONP504S, CXCR4 and P63 are useful tumor markers for the diagnosis and differentiation of benign and malignant prostatic diseases. CXCR4 gives a high rate of correct diagnosis when combined with P504S or P63, and has an important application value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant prostatic diseases.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; biosynthesis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Middle Aged ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Racemases and Epimerases ; biosynthesis ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; biosynthesis

Objective To express, purify and refold recombinant luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-angiogenin(LHRH-Ang) toxin using E. coli. expression system. Methods Recombinant LHRHAng expression vector was constructed by replacing of EGF fragment in plasmid pET28a/EGF-Ang with LHRH-P Ⅱ fragment amplified from plasmid pET28/MSH-PEA0. DNA sequencing would be used to verify the correction of fused LHRH-P Ⅱ -Ang gene. Then, E. coli strain BI21 (DE3) was transformed by pET28a/LHRH-Ang vector. Expression of recombinant LHRH-Ang toxin was induced by Isopropyl-β-D-Thiogalactoside( IPTG ). Refolding effects of gradient dialysis was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Results Prokaryotic expression vector pET28a/LHRH-Ang, containing LHRH-P Ⅱ -Ang fusion gene, was constructed by PCR amplification, restriction enzyme digestion and ligation method. Sequence correction of fusion gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing After IPGT induction, recombinant LHRH-Ang protein was expressed in BL21 ( DE3 ) as inclusion body ,it took 18.43% of total protein. Inclusion body was resolved in 8 mol/L urea and purified by DEAE-Sepharose FF column, the purity was 85%. Recombinant LHRH-Ang toxin was refolded and concentrated by gradient dialysis and PEG 20000, respectively. Conclusions Recombinant LHRH-Ang protein was expressed in E. coli and refolded successfully.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel on platelet inhibitory of patients after carotid artery stenting(CAS) operation by thrombelastogram.Methods A total of 150 patients with CAS were selected as the research object,randomly divided into two group:75 patients in treatment group and 75 patients in control group.Patients in treatment group received treatment of 180 mg ticagrelor in combination with 300 mg aspirin 1 d before CAS operation,and received treatment of 90 mg ticagrelor,bid in combination with 100 mg aspirin,qd after CAS operation.Patients in control group received treatment of 300 mg clopidogrel in combination with 300 mg aspirin 1 d before CAS operation,and received treatment of 75 mg clopidogrel,qd in combination with 100 mg aspirin,qd after CAS operation.All patients took antiplatelet drugs for at least 3 months after CAS operation and were followed for 3 months.All patients' venous blood samples were collected at 1 d and 30 d after operation.The rate of platelet inhibition was tested.The ischemic events and bleeding events in two groups were recorded and analyzed.Results The platelet inhibition rates at 1 d and 30 d after operation:were (65.41 ± 20.75)％ and (42.66 ± 26.34)％ respectively in the control group;were (87.37 ± 17.12)％ and (81.91 ± 21.18)％ respectively in the treatment group,the difference between two groups was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The effective rates of platelet inhibition at 1 d after operation:were 98.7％ and 92.0％ respectively in the treatment group and control group.The effective rates of platelet inhibition at 30 d after operation:were 94.7％ and 74.7％ respectively in treatment group and control group,the difference between two groups was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The rate of ischemic events of control group and treatment group were 37.3％ and 13.3％ respectively,the difference between two groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of bleeding events of control group and treatment group were 6.7％ and 4.0％ respectively,and the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with clopidogrel,ticagrelor shows a better effect of platelet inhibition,and had good security.

Objective To investigate the effect of compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder (SF-PEG) and Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) on intestinal tract preparation in patients with constipation. Methods 135 cases of constipation patients who underwent colonoscopy were selected. They were divided into A, B and C groups, each with 45 cases.Group A and group B received oral SF-PEG and 219.2 g (2 000 ml) at 5:00 to 7:00. Group A take 50% MgSO450 ml at 9:00, and then took 250 ml warm water.Group B received the same dose of MgSO4 at 7:00. The two groups were examined by colonoscopy at 11:00. Group C received oral compound SF-PEG 219.2 g (2 000 ml) at 10:00 to 12:00, and then took 50% MgSO450 ml at 14:00, received colonoscopy at 16:00. According to the Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) score and parallel intraluminal bubble score. Determine the duration of bowel preparation process,and tolerance and adverse effects were recorded during bowel preparation. Results All patients completed bowel preparation and underwent a colonoscopy successfully. The scores of group A in BBPS were significantly higher than those in group B and group C (P < 0.05). In group A and group B, the score of parallel intraluminal bubble was lower than C, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The intestinal preparation time of A and B was less than that of group C, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the tolerance of patients was higher in group A and group B than that in group C (P < 0.05). In adverse reactions, group A and group B were lower than those in group C (P < 0.05). Conclusions When taking the time (5:00 to 7:00), intermittent polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder and Magnesium Sulfate can shorten the bowel preparation time and improve the quality of bowel preparation in patients with constipation.