Objective To analyze the association between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and obesity in a general Chinese population aged from 18 to 69 years old. Methods 2 400 from 18 to 69 year-old subjects were selected from four counties in Shandong Province and Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2014 by using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. Questionnaire survey, physical measurement and 24-hour urine collection were conducted. The relationship between urinary sodium and obesity was analyzed by multivariate linear regression and Logistic regression analysis. Results 2 275 subjects were finally included in the analysis. Obesity rate of the subjects was 19.1%(95% CI:17.4%-20.6%)and 24-hour urinary sodium was (166.4±71.5) mmol/d. The urinary sodium in obese, and central obesity population calculated according to waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were higher than the normal population, respectively (All P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant factors, 24-hour urinary sodium was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and WHtR. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared to population in the lowest quantile, population in highest quantile had an increased risk of being the obesity, abdominal obesity(calculated according to WC) and abdominal obesity(calculated according to WHtR) with OR(95% CI) of 1.61(1.18-2.20), 2.01(1.39-2.89) and 1.47(1.15-1.89), respectively, after adjusting for age, gender, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension and diabetes. Conclusions High sodium is independently associated with obesity. Sodium intake is a potential and important risk factor for obesity.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the middle ear.

METHODSWild-type (WT) C57BL/6J, TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) and TLR4-deficient (TLR4(-/-)) mice were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 × 10(6)CFU) through the tympanic membrane. All animals were tested the mouse ABR thresholds and tympanometry measurement before, and 1 day, 3 days and 7 days following pneumococcal challenge. Blood bacterial titer were determined by plating 50 µl volumes of 10-fold diluted blood. Histological analysis of middle ear and inner ear were performed by fixation, decalcification, embedded section, and counterstained with hematoxylin/eosin and toluidine blue staining. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was applied to determine mRNA accumulation of TLR2 and TLR4 related genes.

RESULTSForty of 68 TLR2(-/-) mice and twenty-one of 59 TLR4(-/-) mice showed bacteremia and died within 3 days after the pneumococcal challenge, however, only 9 of 52 WT mice died. The survive mice were shown have more severe hearing loss in the TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice than in the WT mice, indicated by ABR thresholds, at 3 or 7 days postinoculation. The histological pathology was characterized by effusion and tissue damage in the middle ear, and in the TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice, the outcome of infection became more severe at 7 days. At both 3 and 7 days after challenge, the TLR2(-/-) mice had higher blood bacterial titers than WT mice (P < 0.05). Temporal bone histopathologic change indicated that 3 days after the pneumococcal challenge, the TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice showed effusion and tissue damage in the middle ear, and the infection became more severe at 7 days postinoculation. TLR2(-/-) mice showed severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the cochlear, the organ of Corti showed the outer hair cells damage, the tectorial membrane swelling, degeneration of the stria vascularis, and severe loss of spiral ganglion cells; However, the WT mice was not found the cell infiltration and tissue damage in the cochlear, the organ of Corti shown normal of outer hair cells. Mast cells were not found in the middle ear mucosa of TLR2(-/-) mice, but in the TLR4(-/-) and WT mice, more mast cells were found in the middle ear mucosa of effusion ear by 3 and 7 days postchallenge. Moreover, by 3 days postchallenge, the mRNA accumulation levels of NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin1β, MIP-1α, MUC5AC and MUC5B were significantly lower in the ears of TLR2(-/-) mice than that in WT and TLR4(-/-) mice.

CONCLUSIONSTLR2(-/-) mice may produce relatively low levels of proinflammatory cytokines following pneumococcal challenge, thus hindering the clearance of bacteria from the middle ear and leading to sepsis and high mortality rate. This study indicated that TLR2 and TLR4 are important in the molecular pathogenesis and host response to otitis media.

Animals ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Otitis Media, Suppurative ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections ; metabolism ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo survey and compare the thickness-change of different thickness thermoplastic materials under different test condition and make sure the relationship between the thickness-change and the material initial thickness in order to provide a guide in selecting the suitable thickness thermoplastic in practice.

METHODSTo choose Biolon, the thickness include 1.0 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.5 mm. Used Electron Vernier caliper to measure the thickness-change of different thickness thermoplastic materials under different processing mode. The data was analyzed by SPSS 10.0.

RESULTSAfter thermoforming the thickness of thermoplastic became thinner, the thickness of Biolon 0.75 mm decreased by 0.14 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm decreased by 0.22 mm and Biolon 0.5 mm decreased by 0.14 mm. After saliva immersion the thickness became thicker. The thickness of Biolon 0.75 mm increased by 0.02 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm increased by 0.03 mm and Biolon 0.5 mm increased by 0.02 mm.

CONCLUSION1)The influence of different processing mode to the thickness-change had relation to the material initial thickness. 2)The Biolon 0.75 mm had certain superiority in thickness stability compared to the homogeneous brand through the above research.

Dental Materials ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; Saliva

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between serum apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) and lipid profile or high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

METHODSSerum apoA5 and hs-CRP levels were measured by ELISA and immunoturbidimetry in control subjects (n = 232), patients with stable angina (SA, n = 127), unstable angina (UA, n = 116) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n = 112). Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were also measured.

RESULTSCompared with controls [(108.7 +/- 23.2) microg/L] and SA patients [(78.3 +/- 20.2) microg/L], serum ApoA5 level was significantly increased in UA [(340.6 +/- 63.5) microg/L] and AMI patients [(373.2 +/- 73.8) microg/L] (all P < 0.05). ApoA5 was positively correlated with TG (r = 0.63 and 0.67, respectively, all P < 0.05) and hs-CRP (r = 0.57 and 0.55, respectively, all P < 0.05) in UA and AMI patients but there were no significant correlations between ApoA5 and TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in ACS patients (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIncreased serum apoA5 level and the positive correlation between ApoA5 and serum TG and hs-CRP in ACS patients might reflect increased inflammation responses in ACS patients.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; blood ; Aged ; Apolipoprotein A-V ; Apolipoproteins A ; blood ; C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Triglycerides ; blood

Objective To explore the effect of the classified management intervention model on the smoking status of high risk population of chronic non-communicable diseases in institutions from Chongqing, so as to provide scientific basis for the management of high risk population of chronic non-communicable diseases. Methods Workers from governments and institutions of four districts in Chongqing were sampled by cluster sampling. High risk population of non-communicable disease were screened and enrolled into the intervention group and control group. The intervention group were intervened by classified management. And the control group weren’t intervened. To evaluate the change of smoking and smoking hazard cognition in intervention group and control group after one year intervention. Results The result of analysis of the net effect of intervention measures using difference in difference regression model showed that the intervention measures could reduce the smoking rate, the current smoking rate and the daily smoking rate in subjects (OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.21-0.49; OR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.20-0.48; OR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.21-0.54). The intervention measures could increase the awareness rates of smoking causing serious diseases, stroke and lung cancer in subjects (OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.08-4.42; OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.17-2.57; OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.25-3.77), the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion The intervention model of classified management for high risk population of chronic non-communicable diseases in institutions can effectively improve the awareness rate of smoking hazards among the subjects, and then reduce the smoking rate. Therefore, this intervention model is worth popularizing and applying.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) and severity of acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia in the high altitude.

METHODSA retrospective analysis on the clinical data which involved acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia (n = 40) and without plateau erythrocythemia (n = 40) admitted from September 2006 to September 2009 was conducted. According to the unified standards, these cases were divided into plateau erythrocythemia group and no plateau erythrocythemia group. The patients in plateau erythrocythemia group were further divided into severe group and mild group according to scores of APACHEII. The data was analyzed according to the patient with (or without) SIRS, SIRS's standard indicators, diagnostic parameter and relation of severity and duration of SIRS in acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia.

RESULTSThere was significantly discrepancy between plateau erythrocythemia group and no plateau erythrocythemia group not only in the incidence of patients who developed SIRS, but also in two items of patients fulfilling or not fulfilling diagnostic criteria of SIRS (P < 0.05). There was significant statistical difference in three items of diagnostic parameter of SIRS between plateau erythrocythemia group and no plateau erythrocythemia group (P < 0.05). Significant difference in two and three diagnostic parameter was found on severity of SIRS in acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia (P < 0.05). The more severity acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia was, the longer duration of SIRS was.

CONCLUSIONSIRS is highly correlated with the severity of SIRS in acute pancreatitis combined with plateau erythrocythemia in the high altitude.

APACHE ; Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Altitude ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pancreatitis ; complications ; Polycythemia ; complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; etiology

Objective To analyze urine volume and dietary salt intake assessed by two 24 h urine specimens，to discuss its application value for evaluating population level and individual level dietary salt intake． Methods The subjects aged 18-69 years were selected from four counties in Shandong Province and Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2014 by using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method． A questionnaire survey was conducted and two 24 h urine with an interval of one day were collected． The differences between two 24 h urine volume，and the dietary salt intake between two 24 h urine were assessed at individual level and population level． Ｒesults A total of 1 288 subjects was( 42．3± 14．0) years old，of which 626( 48．6%) were males． The average urine volume of the subjects was ( 1 462±437) ml． The first 24 h urine volume ( 1 427±488) ml was lower than the second 24 h urine volume ( 1 498± 552) ml ( t = -4．439，P＜0．001) ． The dietary salt intake was ( 9．8±3．3) g，and the dietary salt intake of males ( 10．1±3．5) g was higher than that of females ( 9．5±3．1) g ( t = 3．09，P= 0．002) ． There was a significant difference in dietary salt intake among different age groups ( F= 7．57，P＜0．001) ． The dietary saltintake of 1 136 ( 88．2%) subjects was higher than the recommended level． At the individual level，the participants with the absolute difference with 1g between the subjects’two 24 h urinary salt excretion was 279 ( 21．7%) ，and the participants with the absolute difference with ＞3 g was 48．5%． At the population level，the first 24 h urinary salt excretions ( 9．9 ± 4．1) g was similar to that in the second 24 h urine and ( 9．7±4．0) g ( P= 0．1021) ． The intraclass correlation coefficients between salt excretions in the two 24 h urine was 0．508( 95% CI: 0．451-0．559) ． Conclusion The results of this study suggest that 24 h urinary salt excretion can better assess the salt intake at population level，but cannot accurately reflect the individual’s salt intake．

AIM: To study the metabolites of a halotolerant fungus Alternaria sp. M6. METHODS: The metabolites were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques. Their structures were determined on the basis of physical properties and spectroscopic data. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated and identified as 8β-chloro-3, 6aα, 7β, 9β, 10-pentahydroxy-9, 8, 7, 6a-tetrahydroperylen-4(6aH)-one (1), alterperylenol (2), dihydroalterperylenol (3), adenine (4), adenosine (5), deoxyadenosine (6), guanosine (7), tryptophan (8), and hexadecanoic acid (9). CONCLUSION Compound 1 is a new perylenequinone.
Alternaria ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Biological Products ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Perylene ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Quinones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Salt Tolerance

Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is one of the most prevalent inherited childhood white-matter disorders, and the pathogenic gene has been confirmed as EIF2B gene. VWM is characterized by chronic progressive neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia, usually less prominent spasticity and relatively mild mental decline. There are episodes of rapid and major neurological deterioration provoked by stresses, such as fever, minor physical trauma and acute fright, which is a characteristic clinical feature of VWM. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings are diagnostic in almost all patients,and the disappearance of the cerebral white matter occurs in a diffuse "melting away" pattern. The onset of VWM can be at any age from fetal stage to adult stage, and the clinical phenotypes vary immensely. Gene diagnosis is the golden standard for VWM. This article reported a patient with a course of 17 years, who was misdiagnosed as Wilson′s disease because of low serum ceruloplasmin, and was finally diagnosed as VWM by reinterpretation of whole exome sequencing, which is worthy of clinicians′ vigilance and consideration.

To study clinical efficacy of Zhennaoning capsules in treating cases with cerebral arteriosclerosis, and analyze its economic benefits. Totally 254 cases with cerebral arteriosclerosis were randomly divided into two groups according to their doctor-consulting sequence: the test group (n = 128) that was administered with Zhennaoning capsules, and the control group (n = 126) that was administered with Yangxueqingnao granules. A double-blind parallel-controlled study was conducted for four weeks, in order to observe the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of the two groups, and evaluate their pharmacoeconomics. Additionally, the clinical efficacy and safety of Zhennaoning capsules in treating cerebral arteriosclerosis, as well as its pharmacoeconomics were also discussed. This study showed that Zhennaoning capsules had a better efficacy than its control drug Yangxueqingnao granules in relieving traditional Chinese medicinal syndromes (according to traditional Chinese medicinal syndrome coring, efficacy and cure rate), suggesting a statistical significance (P < 0.01). Despite statistical significance showed from the differences in the remaining indexes and the occurrence rate of adverse effects, the test group displayed a lower cost effectives than the control group (P < 0.01). Zhennaoning capsules have a better clinical efficacy in treating cases with cerebral arteriosclerosis than Yangxueqingnao granules, demonstrating safe clinical application and better economic advantages.
Aged ; Capsules ; Case-Control Studies ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis ; drug therapy ; economics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Treatment Outcome