The tools used for the literature quality evaluation are introduced. The common evaluation tools that are publicly and extensively used for the evaluation of clinical trial literature quality in the world are analyzed, including Jadad scale, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement and Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system and the others. Additionally, the present development, updates and applications of these tools are involved in analysis.
Biomedical Research ; standards ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; Publications ; standards ; Quality Control

Objective To understand the status and drug resistant patterns of strains of extended spectrum ?-lactamase(ESBLs) in children with lower respiratory tract infection,and to give clinical suggestions for rational treatment.Methods Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the 2 969 nasopharyngeal secretions which collected from lower respiratory tract of children in our hospital from Jan.2006 to Dec. 2007.Dual-sheets and sheets-diffusing method (K-B method) were used to determine the ESBLs and antibiotic susceptibility was tested by K-B method which included 18 kinds of antibiotics,the results were marked by resistant,intermedial and sensitive.Chi-square test was used to analyze the data.Results Total 135 strains were detected,73 strains were escherichia coli,of which 54 strains(74.0%)produced ESBLs,62 strains were klebsiella pneumoniae,of which 33 strains(53.2%)produced ESBLs.The 2 bacterias were found more in children with 1-6 months old than those in other age groups,the ratio of which were 50 strains and 41 strains,respectively (Pa0.05).The resistant rate of ESBLs-producing strains to penicillins,cephalosporins,quinolones,aminoglycosides and sulfamido was higher than that of non ESBLs-producing strains respectively.And the resistant rates to beta-lactam antibiotics of ESBLs strains were located on a high level.Whether producing ESBLs or not,the 2 bacterias were still sensitive to amikacin,cefoxitin,cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem.Conclusions The prevalences of ESBLs-producing escherichia and klebsiella pneumonia were high.There was a multi-drug resistance to the varied antibiotics.It is very important to make sputum culture and use sensitive antibiotics in treatment according to drug sensitivity test to control the occurrence and conveying of the ESBLs.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of epimedium flavonoids Injection (EFI) on experimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rats.

METHODSRats were randomly divided into 6 groups, the acute myocardial infarction model was established by ligating left anterior descending branch of coronary artery (LAD). After operation, the rats in the sham-operation and model group were intravenous injected with 5% glucose injection, those in the positive medicine group were intravenous injected with nitroglycerin 0.3mg/kg, while rats in the low-, middle- and large-dose EFI group were intravenous injected with TFE in a dose of 10, 20, 40 mg/kg respectively. ECG was monitored before and after coronary artery ligation, and after treatment at different time points. At the same time, the millivolt of ST and ST-T segment were measured. The changes of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined, and the myocardial infarcted area was detected by MTT respectively 3 h after LAD. Results After intravenous injection of EFI in a dose of 10, 20, 40 mg/kg, the myocardial infarcted area of AMI rats could be decreased in different degree, the activity of serum CPK, LDH and the content of MDA decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while the activity of serum SOD increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). It could began to lower the elevated ST-T segment 5 min after medication and the action could last for 3 h (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONEFI has a protective effect against acute myocardial ischemia caused by LAD, and the effect is quickly initiated.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Epimedium ; chemistry ; Female ; Flavonoids ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

Objective To investigate the impact of cyclosporine A (CsA) on atrial expression change of L-type calcium channel αlc subunit in a canine model of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods AF was induced by rapid atrial pacing (400 baets/min) for 8 weeks in adult male dogs and placebo (n=6) or CsA (5 mg·kg-1·d-1, n=6) were orally administered to these animals. Sham operated animals served as normal controls (n=6). The atrial electrophysiological parameters including P wave duration, atrial effective refractory period (AERP) were recorded and analyzed at baseline and 8 weeks later. Animals were scarified at 8 weeks post final electrophysiological examinations and atrial expressions of L-type calcium channel αlc subunit were determined by Western blot. Results Compared to sham group, the P wave duration was significantly prolonged while AERP was significantly decreased in AF and CsA groups (all P <0. 05). AERP was significantly longer in CsA group than that in AF group (P < 0. 05 ). L-type calcium channel αlc subunit expression was significantly downregulated in AF group compared to sham group (P <0. 05) and CsA significantly attenuated this downregulation (P < 0. 01 vs. AF group). Conclusion CsA could attenuate the downreguahion of the L-type calcium channel αlc subunit expression and improve the atrial electrophysiological remodeling in this canine model of AF.

Animals ; Cattle ; China ; epidemiology ; Echinococcosis ; epidemiology ; parasitology ; transmission ; Echinococcus granulosus ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Seasons

To establish a new method for identifying genus of Lilium by DNA barcoding technology, ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL sequences were analyzed in term of variation of inter- and intra-species, barcoding gap, neighbor-joining tree to distinguish genus of Lilium based on 978 sequences from experimental and GenBank database, and identification efficiency was evaluated by Nearest distance and BLAST1 methods. The results showed that DNA barcoding could identify different species in genus of Lilium. ITS sequence performed higher identification efficiency, and had significant difference between intra- and inter-species. And NJ tree could also divide species into different clades. Results indicate that DNA barcoding can identify genus of Lilium accurately. ITS sequence can be the optimal barcode to identify species of Lilium.
DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Lilium ; classification

Investigation of simvastatin and its related substances was carried out using a reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The identification of impurities in simvastatin was performed with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the negative/positive ion mode. A total of 12 compounds were characterized in commercial samples, among which 2 impurities had never been reported. All the impurities were deduced based on the MS fragment pathways of simvastatin and the biosynthetic pathway of lovastatin. This work provides very useful information for quality control of simvastatin.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; Drug Contamination ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Simvastatin ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tablets ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Aquilaria sinensis can generate agarwood, which is closely related with endophyte. Up to now, studies mainly focused on the effects of endophytic fungi on agarwood formation, but studies about endophytic bacteria are rarely reported. In our research, the T-RFs and Shannon index of endophytic bacteria in samples of agarwood increase. The number of distinctive T-RFs fragments of corresponding samples in the same group accounted for more than 60% the number of total T-RFs fragments. In samples of no-agarwood, the dominant bacterial population are Anoxybacillus, Clostridium, Candidatus endobugula, Lysinibacillus. In samples of agarwood, the dominant bacterial population are Clostridium, Lysinibacillus, Luteimonas, phytoplasma. Besides, there are. specific T-RFs fragment in samples of agarwood and no-agarwood respectively. When we perform cluster analysis, we found samples of agarwood highly gather together and samples of no-agarwood highly gather together. This means community of endophytic bacteria emerge significant and regular changes during agarwood formation, which may be result of agarwood production, or maybe it is important reason of agarwood production. In this paper, we obtain more comprehensive and accurate community of endophytic bacteria in Aquilaria sinensis and it's variation during agarwood formation using T-RFLP, which is first study of effects of endophytic bacteria on agarwood formation, and will help to exploit resource of endophytic bacteria more reasonably.
Bacteria ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Biodiversity ; Endophytes ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Thymelaeaceae ; microbiology ; Wood ; microbiology

Simvastatin,a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor,is widely prescribed to patients with hypercholesteremia and its muscular toxicity has been widely reported.The metabolism of simvastatin depends on the enzymic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and inhibitors of CYP3A4 can result in clinical events by interacting with simvastatin.Diltiazem is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4,which is known to increase the serum concentration of simvastatin.Here we report a patient with unrecognized hypothyroidism who had been stable for more than one year on low-dose simvastatin therapy of hypercholesteremia and rhabdomyolysis occurred with the addition of diltiazem.This is one of scanty reports of rhabdomyolysis induced by simvastatindiltiazem drug interaction,especially in hypothyroid patient.This case reminds the clinicians that although diltiazem as a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor can be used cautiously with small doses of CYP3A4-dependent statius (eg,simvastatin),these two commonly used drugs should be avoided in hypothyroid patient.

Objective To investigate the effects of ciyelosporine-A(CsA).a calcinenrin(CAN)inhibitor,on electrophysiological propertiesof atria in canine tachycardia-induced model of AF.Methods Eighteen healthy adult mongrel canines weighing 17.0 to 23.2 kg(rangedfrom 2 to 4 years old)were randomized to 3 groups,Sham group(no pacemaker was implanted),atrial tachypacing group(ATP group)each group at baseline and after 8 weeks' tachypacing.Measurements included atrial effective refractory period(AERP),conductionvelocity(CV),wave length(WE),atrial fibrillation load and rate-adaptability. Results After 8 weeks' atrial tachypacing,ATP andCsA groups showed significant longer duration of the P wave,shorter AERP,decreased adaptation of AERE slower CV,shorter Wland longer AF duration compared to the shamg roup (all P＜0.05).AERP of the CsA group was longer than that of ATP group (P＜0.05),but there were no differences in rate-adaptability,CV,incidence of induced AF and AF duration between CsA group and ATP group.Conclusions Our results suggest that calcineurin pathway intervention by CsA have a positive effect on tachycardia-inducedelectrical remodeling of atria,but can not prevent or reverse AF.