In this paper,the teaching in medical microbiology experiment to the first group of foreign students in our college is analyzed and summarized,which will give us many experiences for later teachering.

To determine the optimum conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction of Xiaoyaosan, and establish its fingerprint by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the yield of extract were investigated, an orthogonal test was used to quantify the effects of extraction temperature, pressure, CO2 flow rate and time, and fingerprint analysis of different batches of extracts were by GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction pressure 20 MPa, extraction temperature 50 degrees C, CO2 flow rate 25 kg x h(-1), extraction time 3 h, and average yield 2.2%. The GC-MS fingerprint was established and 27 common peaks were found, whose contents add up to 81.89% of the total peak area. Among them, 21 compounds were identified, accounting for 53.20% of the total extract. The extraction process is reasonable and favorable for industrial production. The GC-MS method is accurate, reliable, reproducible, and can be used for quality control of supercritical CO2 extract from Xiaoyaosan.
Carbon Dioxide ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods

OBJECTIVETo observe the primary prevention role of Wuling Capsule (WC) on poststroke depression (PSD) patients.

METHODSAcute stroke patients were recruited and randomized into 2 groups by stratification, 55 in each group. All patients received same routine treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Patients in the experimental group additionally took WC (0.33 g each pill), 3 pills per day, three times per day; while those in the control group additionally took placebos, 3 pills per day, three times per day. Two weeks consisted of one therapeutic course. The diagnosis of PSD was performed once every other week. Those in accordance with PSD diagnosis discontinued any drug therapy. Those not in accordance with PSD diagnosis continued the drug therapy for 1-12 therapeutic course(s) (in total of 6 months). If they were still not in accordance with PSD diagnosis, then they discontinued the drug therapy. The morbidity of PSD, the average time of depression occurrence, Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) score, and adverse reactions were observed.

RESULTSThe 1-, 3-, and 6-month morbidity of PSD was 8%, 16%, and 34% in the experimental group, while they were 19.6%, 29.4%, and 54.9% in the control group. The occurrence rate was lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Besides, there was statistical difference in the 6-month occurrence rate between the two groups (chi2 = 4.465, P < 0.05). The average time of PSD occurrence was longer in the experimental group than in the control group (14.96 +/- 8.31 weeks vs. 9.36 +/- 6.06 weeks; t=6.762, P < 0.05). The HAMD score at the PSD occurrence was 11.96 +/- 2.14 in the experimental group, lower than that of the control group (14.57 +/- 4.24), showing statistical difference (t=5.641, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONWC was superior to the placebos in lowering the incidence of PSD, delaying the occurrence time of PSD, attenuating the depression degree of PSD, and had certain preventive effect on the incidence of PSD.

Aged ; Capsules ; Depression ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Primary Prevention ; Stroke ; complications

Objective To dynamically observe the changes of cytokines of splenocytes in mice immunized with recombinant bifidobacteria bifidum (Bb)- Eg95-EgA31 vaccine of Echinococcus grauulosus (Eg). Methods Balb/c mice were vaccinated by 5× 108 colony forming unit(CFU) orally and 5 × 105 CFU intranasally, respectively.Mice were killed on week 0,2,4,6,8,10, 12,14,16, 18 and 20 after immunization, respectively, and spleens were separated for cell culture with the stimulation of EgAg, concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The splenocyte supernatants were collected to determine the levels of interferonγ(IFN-γ), interleukin(IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-o) and IL-l0 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) with MRS as control. Results In the oral immunization group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 showed a significant increase from week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 8, week 4 and week 6 to week 10 after vaccination, respectively, and reached the highest level on week 4, week 2, week 4 and week 6 after vaccination, respectively;in EgAg stimulation group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 were (700.0 ± 115.5), (45.0 ± 5.8), (350.0 ± 57.7), (112.5 ± 14.4)ng/L, respectively, compared with week 0[(35.0 ± 5.8), (12.5 ± 2.9), (190.0 ± 11.6), (25.0 ± 5.8)ng/L, P ＜0.05 or ＜ 0.01] and MRS control group[(37.5 ± 5.0),(13.8 ± 2.5), (195.0 ± 5.8), (27.5 ± 2.9)ng/L, P＜ 0.05or ＜ 0.01]. In the intranasal immunization group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 showed an obvious increase from week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 6 and week 6 to week 16 after vaccination,respectively, and reached the highest level on week 2, week 2, week 4 and week 8 after vaccination, respectively;in EgAg stimulation group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 were (700.0 ± 115.5), (55.0 ± 5.8),(275.0 ± 28.9), (140.0 ± 11.6)ng/L, compared with week 0[(35.0 ± 5.8), (12.5 ± 2.9), (190.0 ± 11.6), (25.0 ±5.8)ng/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01] and MRS control group[(37.5 ± 5.0), (13.8 ± 2.5), (195.0 ± 5.8), (27.5 ± 2.9)ng/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01]. The cytokine levels in the groups with EgAg, ConA or LPS stimulus were significantly higher than those in the corresponding splenocytes suspension groups(P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01) , and the cytokine levels in the groups with ConA or LPS stimulus were obviously higher than those in the corresponding groups with EgAg stimulation(P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The mixed Th1 and Th2 type response can be induced in mice immunized with the recombinant Bb-Eg95-EgA31 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus in the early stage of immunization(2 to 6weeks).

Objective To construct and identify recombinant Bifutobacteria (rBb)-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). Methods The total RNA was extracted from hydatid cyst protoscoleces shattered by ultrasound, Eg95 antigen encoding gene was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) from the template of total RNA using the primer designed according to the DNA sequence of Eg95, the gene was cloned into Escherichia coli-Bifutobacteria(E.coli-Bb) shuttle plasmid pGEX-1λT and transformed into E.coli BL2 (DE3) competent cell to construct recombinant plasmid pGEX-Eg95 using BamH Ⅰ and EcoR Ⅰ, the recombinant plasmid was identified by restriction endonuclease digestion, then was electroporated into Bb to construct rBb-Eg95 vaccine, the vaccine was identified by PCR. Results Four hundred and seventy-one bp Eg95 gene was amplified by RT-PCR, the products of restriction endonuclease digestion were the same as expected(471 bp Eg95 gene and 4947 bp pGEX-1λT), 471 bp Eg95 gene fragment was amplified by PCR from the template of pGEX-Eg95 extracted from rBb vaccine. Conclusion rBb-Eg95 vaccine of Eg is successfully constructed, which lays the theoretical foundation for exploitation and utilization of this vaccine.

?AlM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis ( PCCC ) combined with anterior vitrectomy in preventing posterior capsule opacification of congenital cataract surgery.
?METHODS:Postoperative clinical follow-up data of 82 cases ( 87 eyes ) with congenital cataract treated in Eye Center of our hospital from January 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the surgical control group ( 38 cases, 40 eyes, recieved phacoemulsification + PCCC ) and the study group ( 44 cases, 47 eyes, accepted phacoemulsification+ PCCC + anterior vitrectomy). The incidence of central optic axis opaque and postoperative visual acuity distribution were recorded at 1a follow - up. lntraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.
?RESULTS:The rate of central optic axis opaque grade 0 in control group was 37. 5%, compared to 76. 6% in study groups. The opacity distribution ratio of grade 1,2,3 and 4 in study group were lower than that of control group, and the central optic axis opacity distribution ratio in study group was significantly better than that of control group (P<0. 05). The 19 eyes(47. 5%) of visual acuity testing ≤0. 5 in control group , was higher than the 7 eyes(14. 89%) of that in the study group, The 21 eyes (52. 5%) of visual acuity testing >0. 5 in control group was lower than the 40 eyes ( 85. 11%) of that in study group. The visual acuity between two groups has statistical significance difference after 1a follow-up ( P<0. 05 ) , and the visual acuity in study group was significantly better than that in the control group. The postoperative intraocular pressure at 1mo and 1a follow-up was lower than before operation in two groups ( P<0. 05), but there was no significant difference between two groups in intraocular pressure (P<0. 05).
?CONCLUSlON: Combination of phacoemulsification, PCCC and anterior vitrectomy presents reliable clinical effects on postoperative central optic axis opacity distribution ratio and visual acuity, and it should be adopted to prevent the occurrence of posterior capsule opacification.

OBJECTIVE: To study the characters of oscillatory potentials (OPs) of electroretinogram (ERG) after methanol intoxication in rats. METHOD: The SD rat models of methanol intoxication were established and divided into control group, 3-day intoxication group, 7-day intoxication group. The changes of OPs of ERG were recorded in a dark room. RESULTS: The total amplitudes of 3-day and 7-day intoxication groups decreased approximately 50% compared with that of the control group, while the schedule delayed approximately 16% and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSION The characters of methanol intoxication in rats included delay in schedule and decline in the total amplitude of OPs.
Animals ; Electroretinography ; Methanol/poisoning* ; Rats ; Retina/physiopathology*

alphaB-crystallin is the structural protein of vertebrate lens, which is widely expressed in non-lens tissue. As one of the heat shock protein family members, alphaB-crystallin possesses biological properties of molecular chaperones and anti-apoptotic effects. Multi-factor injuries, such as retinopathy, inflammation and nervous system diseases, have a closely relationship with alphaB-crystallin. This paper reviews the research progress of the expression and mechanism of alphaB-crystallin in retina and extraocular tissues and organs.
Crystallins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism* ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; Retina ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the correlation between contrast vision (LV) and sweep visual evoked potential acuity (SVEP-A) among people with emmetropia, mild myopia, and moderate myopia. METHODS: The CV and SVEP-A were tested individually in 96 eyes from healthy young volunteers, including 37 eyes of emmetropia, 27 eyes of mild myopia, and 32 eyes of moderate myopia. The statistic analysis was done by ANOVA analysis and rank sum test. RESULTS: (1) With the decrease of contrast, CV and SVEP-A decreased in every group. (2) At 100% contrast, the difference of CV between emmetropia and mild myopia had statistical significance (P<0.05). At 100%, 25% and 10% contrast, the difference of CV between emmetropia and moderate myopia had statistical significance (P<0.05). (3) In the same group, the difference of 100% and 25% contrast had statistical significance (P < 0.05). So was between 100% and 10% contrast. (4) At 100% and 10% contrast, the difference of CV and SVEP-A had statistical significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The CV of myopia relates to many factors including ametropia and fundus lesions. The correction of ametropia is important to the values of CV and SVEP-A.
Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Eye ; Fundus Oculi ; Humans ; Myopia/physiopathology* ; Neurologic Examination ; Severity of Illness Index ; Vision Tests/instrumentation* ; Visual Acuity/physiology*

OBJECTIV: e To find the correlation between real best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and testing results of microperimetry and visual evoked potential (VEP) and to explore a new method in recording BCVA in macular disease. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with macular disease (macular disease group, 62 eyes) and eighteen healthy volunteers (control group, 36 eyes) had BCVA, microperimetry and VEP recorded. RESULTS: (1) By microperimetry, the values of retinal mean sensitivity and fixation percentage in macular disease group were lower than that in control group. The bicurve ellipse area in macular disease group was higher than that in control group. By VEP, P100 amplitude under 0.5 cpd and 2 cpd in macular disease group were significantly higher than that in control group and the latency was prolonged (P < 0.05). (2) In macular disease group, BCVA had significant positive correlation with retinal mean sensitivity, bicurve ellipse area, macular central 2 degrees and 4 degrees fixation percentage, respectively (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between retinal mean sensitivity and P100 amplitude (P < 0.05). (3) Multiple linear regression equation was y = 0.053 x1+0.008 x3+3.897 (y was BCVA, while x1 was retinal mean sensitivity and x3 was P100 amplitude under 2 cpd). CONCLUSION Combined use of microperimetry and VEP is useful in the assessment of BCVA in macular disease.
Case-Control Studies ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Eye ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/physiopathology* ; Retina ; Retinal Diseases/pathology* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/physiology* ; Visual Field Tests/methods*