Objective To observe the ultrastructural changes of end-plate and gastrocnemius muscle of rats with spastic palsy after injected with botulinum toxin type A in order to provide scientific base of histomorphology for clinical use of botulinum toxin type A.Methods Wistar rats′ pyramidal tracts in experiment group were injured by electric current 2.5 mA for 30 s,twice,but 36 normal control rats were only drilled hole in skull(control group).Seventy-two rats were successful in building spastic palsy model.Botulinum toxin type A (6 U/kg) were injected into right gastrocnemius muscles of 36 spastic palsy rats (group B),and physiological saline were injected into the same muscles in 36 spastic palsy rats as control(group A).Control group were not injected.The rats of group A,group B were sacrificed on 3,7,15,30,60 and 90 days after botulinum toxin therapy,and right gastrocnemius muscles was separated for histological analysis.Results Under the electron microscope,the structure of muscle fiber in group B had changed(Z line rupture,disorder and abolition,myofilament lysis,triad tract diso-rder,vacuolar degeneration) and these changes in group B occurred earlier and were severer than those in group A.There was compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fiber at later stages in group B.During the first 15 days after botulinum toxin type A injection,there were many synaptic vesicle without pre-synaptic membranes near terminal portion of nonmedullated nerve fibers.Following this,between 15 to 30 days,there were many folds similar to postsynaptic membranes in the cellular membranes and there were many grains in it.But there was no synaptic vesicle and pre-synaptic membranes near them.Compensatory hypertrophy and atrophy of muscle fiber coexist at 90 days after injection in group B.Conclusions Injection of botulinum toxin type A maybe induce the sprout of nerve and degeneration of the partial postsynaptic where there are many grains.It also accelerates muscle atrophy,but it induces compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fiber at later stage.It implies that injection of botulinum toxin type A can improve spasm symptom of the gastrocnemius muscles and this is good for muscle fiber repairing.

Clinical data management, a critical part of clinical trials, plays a decisive role in assuring the accuracy and reliability of the trail results. This article discusses the quality standards of clinical data, introduces the important rules and principles for standardized clinical data management, and reviews the development and current status of clinical data management home and abroad. It is proposed that we should learn the advanced clinical data management modes from international partners and introduce standardized clinical management software from abroad, so as to improve the clinical data management in China.

Accidents, Occupational ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Ammonia ; poisoning ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult

Objective To access the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) graft late postoperative patency after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by peripheral blood vessel ultrasound combined with color Doppler coronary flow imaging (CDCFI).In contrast with angiography,try to find available flow parameter to access graft patency.MethodsForty-six patients with CABG more than 1 year postoperatively followed-by angiography were detected by ultrasound.The LITA graft and left anterior descending artery were examined.Systolic and diastolic peak velocity(Smax,Dmax),velocity time integral(VTIs,VTId)of each segment were measured separately.The ratio of diastolic and systolic peak velocity (D/S),and diastolic velocity time integral fraction(DVTIF) were calculated.All patients were divided into groups according to angiography results.ResultsThirty -one LITA grafts were patent,11 were dysfunctional,4 were occlusive.According to the angiography results,the flow parameters of the proximal segment of LITA graft were significant.The D/S and DVTIF of patent group was higher than that of dysfunctional group.The diastolic peak velocity of distal segment of LAD of patent group was higher than that of dysfunctional group.ConclusionsPeripheral blood vessel ultrasound combined with CDCFI could provide the evidence to access the patency of the graft.It was an effective method for the clinical follow-up.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to primary non-traumatic parenchymal hemorrhage.Its mortality and disability are extremely high.A simple and easy clinical grading scale for ICH can not only evaluate the prognosis of patients,but also has an important guiding significance for clinical treatment and clinical research.This article reviews the contents of major intracerebral hemorrhage scales,external validation,advantages and disadvantages,and explains its scope of application and clinical application.

Objective: To explore the differences among contents of quercetin and kaempferol in four kinds of Semen Cuscutae in Shandong province. Methods : Quercetin and kaempferol are determined by HPLC. Results : The contents of both quercetin and kaempferol are lower in four kinds of Semen Cuscutae. The former is within 0.0002% to 0.0502% and the latter varies from 0.0002% to 0.0205%, respectively. In seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., C. japonica Choisy and C.lupuliformis Krocker, quercetin contents are much higher than kaempferol contents. while in seed of C. australis R.Br., by contrast, its quercetin content is lower than kaempferol. The contents of quercetin and kaempferol have close relation with both the variety and the hostplant. Conclusion : HPLC can be used for the quality evaluation of Semen Cuscutae.

Objective To discuss the worthiness of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in researching normal fetal heart ventricle growth and systolic function. Methods End-systolic volume(EDV),end-diastolic volume(ESV), struggle volume(SV) and ejection fraction(EF) of 54 normal fetal were acquired from 3-D data by Qlab software. The relation between ventricular growth with pregnant week was analysed and the difference of the volume and systolic function between left ventricle with right ventricle were compared. Results Ventricular volume of normal fetal heart (EDV,ESV,SV) were all increased with the gestational ages,there was linear relativity between them,while EF was not increased with pregnant weeks,there was no linear relativity between them. There was no statistics difference on EDV and ESV between left ventricle and right ventricle, while there was statistics difference on SV, EF between them. Conclusions The image of fetal endocarium could be derived clearly by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, which help to get fetal heart ventricular volume and to study fetal heart growth and function.

Objective To describe the characteristics of the criss-cross heart with comprehensively segmental echocardiographic scanning in order to explore the diagnostic value of the echocardiography.Methods Ten cases of criss-cross heart were retrospectively reviewed with 2-dimensional,color Doppler echocardiography to summarize the main diagnostic methods.Results The right ventricle was located superiorly and the left ventricle inferiorly in 9 patients and paralleled alignment in 1.The solitus situs was observed in 9 patients and dextrocardia in 1;the atrioventricular connections were concordant in 8 patients and discordant in 2.Echocardiography revealed that 5 patients presented with transposition of great artery and 5 with double outlet of right ventricle as well as all with ventricular septum defect.Conclusions Clear visualization is available with echocardiography to show the crossing inflow streams at the level of atrial-ventricular valve,abnormal alignment of the ventricular septum as well as the associated abnormalities.

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma were widely used in strengthening spleen under different disease conditions, and were easily and often misused each other. Therefore, DNA barcode was used to distinguish Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma from their adulterants to ensure the safe use. The sequence lengths of ITS2 of Atractylodes macrocephala, Atractylodis Rhizoma (A. lancea, A. japonica and A. coreana) were both 229 bp. Among the ITS2 sequences of A. macrocephala, only one G/C transversion was detected at site 98, and the average GC content was 69.42%. No variable site was detected in the ITS2 sequences of A. lancea. The maximum K2P intraspecific genetic distances of both A. japonica and A. coreana were 0.013. The maximum K2P intraspecific genetic distances of A. macrocephala, A. lancea, A. japonica and A. coreana were less than the minimum interspecific genetic distance of adulterants. The ITS2 sequences in each of these polytypic species were separated into pairs of divergent clusters in the NJ tree. DNA barcoding could be used as a fast and accurate identification method to distinguish Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma, from their adulterants to ensure its safe use.
Atractylodes ; classification ; genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; methods ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; classification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; classification ; genetics

Objective To determine LDLR gene mutation in 2 clinically diagnosed FH patients from Hubei province and provide basis for gene diagnosis of FH.Methods Clinical data of 2 FH patients and their parents were collected.The promoter region and exon 1 to exon 18 region of LDLR gene were amplified through PCR and the amplified products were analyzed by forward and reverse DNA sequencing.The mutations were identified after comparison with LDLR gene sequence in GenBank.The pathogenic gene mutations were confirmed according to both genotype and phenotype of FH probands.Results The levels of plasma TC of two probands were 12.79 and 11.98 mmol/L.respectively.No gene mutations were detected in region 3 500 to 3 531 of ApoB100. The mutations of LDLR gene were compound heterozygous mutations. The novel mutation 665G > T detected in the exon 4 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene was heterozygous missense mutation. The novel mutation 1 358 +32C > T was detected in the exon 9 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene.The mutations 665G > T ( paternal origin) and 1 358 + 32C > T ( maternal origin) were inherited from the parents. A novel mutation 1 257 C > A was detected in the exon 9 of No. 2 proband's LDLR gene, resulting the presence of a premature termination codon, which was different from 1 257 C > G reported in Belgium.Another heterozygous missense mutation 1 879 G > A was detected in exon 13. They were derived from paternal origin and maternal origin, respectively. Conclusions There are three novel gene mutations:665G >T, 1 358 +32C > T, 1 257C > A found in two probands with compound heterozygous mutations in LDLR respectively. They maybe play a potential role in FH pathogensis.