Health Education ; Humans ; Occupational Health Services ; Rural Population

Background Many studies showed that attenuation of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)in early glaucoma is one of the important signs.How to accurately and quantitatively measure RNFL thickness is very important for the early diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma.0bjective This study was to evaluate the clinical value of Optovue RTVue OCT and Heidelberg Retina Tomograph Ⅲ(HRT-Ⅲ)confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in glaucomatous eyes. Methods This cross-sectional study included 40 eyes of 26 patients with suspected open-angle glaucoma(SOAG),48 eyes of 29 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 48 eyes of 27 healthy subjects.Optical nerve head(ONH) parameters and peripapillary RNFL thickness were measured in all the subjects with Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲ,meanwhile all the eyes received perimetry with Humphrey 750-I.Glaucoma variables obtained from Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲ were analyzed among the groups.Topographic Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲ parameters,including disc area(DA),cup area(CA),rim area(RA),rim volume(RV),cup volume(CV),cup/disc area ratio(C/DAR)as well as superior,temporal,inferior and nasal average RNFL thickness,were analyzed.The relationship of ONH parameters and RNFL thickness was analyzed using a linear correlation.The correlation between the mean defect(MD)of the visual field and the tomography parameters in glaucomatous eyes was described by bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients.Resuits The ONH parameters and RNFL thickness obtained by HRT-Ⅲ and OCT showed significant difference(P<0.05).ONH parameters such as RA,C/DAR,CA and RV were statistically changed in SOAG and the POAG patients compared with the normal subjects(q=6.47,q=7.67,P<0.05).The superior and inferior RNFL thickness parameters in three groups were positively correlated between HRT-Ⅲand OCT(r=0.362,r=0.441,r=0.395,P<0.05),Topographic Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲ parameters including CV,CA,RA and C/DAR fitted Pearson analysis(all P<0.05).In POAG group。The RA,RV,CV,C/DAR from Optovue RTVue OCT were correlated with MD with the significant coefficient 0.284,0.286,0.340,0.371 respectively(P<0.05),and evidently correlations also were found between RA,RV,C/DAR with MD respectively with the coefficient 0.339,0.859,0.422(P<0.05)by HRT-Ⅲ. Conclusion Both Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲ can difierentiate ONH analysis with a similar outcome in glaucomatous eye.The C/D value.RA,superior and inferior RNFL thickness based on Optovue RTVue OCT and HRT-Ⅲare distinguishing indexes in the diagnosis of early glaucomatous damage.

Animals ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Oligochaeta

Mixed-ownership hospitals constitute an experiment of such ownership in the health care sector,attracting high attention as of its birth.This paper introduced the background of such ownership,and analyzed the development of such hospitals in terms of policy,present situation and external effects.The authors,arguing against major challenges,stated their views on such hospitals along with in-depth analysis of key issues in their development.

Based on a field survey of typical hospitals in Zhejiang,this paper drew a conclusion on three models of the mixed-ownership hospitals development in Zhejiang.It summed up the experiences learnt in the practice about how to maintain the public welfare of the public hospitals,how to ensure the essential health services supply as well as the incentive mechanism for social capital.Suggestions were proposed to develop the mixed-ownership hospitals based on the analysis.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) in treating hemorrhagic apoplexy at super-early stage in rats.

METHODSRat model of hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage was induced by collagenase method. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the sham operated group, model group, PNS high, middle, and low dose group, 12 in each; 4 h after modeling, PNS or normal saline was intraperitoneally injected into the rats every 12 h, the total is 5 times. Contents of water, sodium and potassium ion in brain, and the diameter of hematoma in rats of different groups were measured 24 h and 72 h after modeling.

RESULTSCompared with the model rats, nerve defect symptoms aggravated, the contents of water and sodium ion in ipsilateral cortex and basal ganglia were significantly higher, the content of potassium ion was lower and the hematoma diameter was obviously less in the PNS-treated rats (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPNS may worsen the brain edema and increase the nerve defect score when it was applied at the early stage of cerebral hemorrhage, but could promote the absorption of hematoma, indicating PNS should be used cautiously in treating patients with large amount of cerebral hemorrhage at super-early stage.

Animals ; Brain Edema ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; complications ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Time Factors

Adult ; Aniline Compounds ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To investigate the changes of expression of quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) at protein and mRNA levels in the brains of rats with chronic fluorosis,effect on NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signal pathway,and reveal the mechanism of brain damage induced by the disease.Methods SD rats were randomly divided to two groups of 30 each (half females and half males),e.g.the normal control group (drinking water containing less than 0.5 mg/L of fluorine) and fluoride exposed group (drinking water containing 50.0 mg/L sodium fluoride,NaF).All rats were examined at the 10 months after feeding NaF.Dental fluorosis of rats was observed; the fluoride contents in urine and bone were detected by fluoride-ion selective electrode; protein and mRNA levels of NQO1 and HO1 in brains were detected by Western blotting and quantitative real timePCR,respectively.Results The dental fluorosis was observed,and contents of fluoride in urine [(2.16 ± 0.39)mg/L] and bone [(211.07 ± 40.52)mg/kg] determined in the rats of the fluoride group were higher than those of controls [(1.70 ± 0.24)mg/L,(34.67 ± 11.15)mg/kg,t =2.11,3.23,all P＜ 0.05].The protein expression levels of NQO1 and HO1 in the brains of rats with fluorosis [(255.2 ± 14.3) ％ and (187.2 ± 11.1)％] were also higher than those of controls [(100.0 ± 12.2)％,(100.0 t 8.9)％,t =2.14,2.05,all P ＜ 0.05]; the mRNA levels of NQO1 and HO1 [(210.2 ± 9.8)％ and (154.5 ± 7.4) ％] in the rats of the fluoride group were increased as compared to those of controls [(100.0 ± 10.4)％,(100.0 ± 9.7)％,t =2.33,2.75,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion The expression of NQO1 and HO1 in brain of rats with fluorosis are significantly increased,which may be due to the activation of Nrf2/ARE signal pathway and may play a compensative role in enhancing antioxidant ability.

Objective To detect the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) at mRNA and protein levels in the brain of rats with chronic fluorosis and to reveal the role of the receptors in brain injury and learning and memory deficits.Methods Sixty healthy SD rats were divided into two groups (30 rats in each group,half males and half females) by random number table method according to body weight.In the control group,the rats were fed with drinking water containing no more than 0.5 mg/L fluoride; in the fluoride group,the rats were fed with high doses of sodium fluoride in drinking water (50.0 mg/L).Each group was fed with normal diet (6.2 mg/kg).After being exposed to fluoride for 10 months,behavioral performance was measured with Morris water maze,including the escape latency time and the numbers of crossing platforms.After being sacrificed,rat brains were taken and weighted.M1 and M3 subunits at mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively; the correlation between protein levels of the receptor subunits and the ability of learning and memory was analyzed.Results In fluoride group,the escape latency time [(21.68 ± 2.90)s] was significantly longer than that of control group [(6.14 ± 1.71)s,t =0.289,P ＜ 0.05]; and the number of crossing platforms [(11.62 ± 2.26)times] was significantly decreased as compared to that of control group [(19.00 ± 3.69)times,t =0.352,P ＜ 0.05].Furthermore,the mRNA expression [(17.07 ± 6.89)％,(12.25 ± 5.03)％] and the protein levels [(71.07 ± 6.89)％,(32.25 ± 4.66)％] of M1 and M3 receptors in rat brains were significantly lower as compared to those of controls [(100.00 ± 3.00)％,(100.00 ± 2.15)％ and (100.00 ± 9.01)％,(100.00 ± 10.33)％,t =0.210,0.157,0.095,0.296,all P ＜ 0.05].The escape latency and M1,M3 protein levels were negatively correlated (r =-0.683,-0.700,all P ＜0.05),and the number of space exploration and M1,M3 protein levels were positively correlated (r =0.867,0.837,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Declined expression of mAChRs at mRNA and protein levels have been detected in the brain of rats with chronic fluorosis,which may be one of the main mechanism concerning the learning and memory deficits.

Objective To observe the changes of learning and memory ability and detect the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR,M receptor) at mRNA and protein levels in brains of offspring rats with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanism of the central nervous system damage.Methods Forty healthy SD rats were divided into two groups (20 in each group,half male and half female) by random number table according to body weight.In the control group,the rats were fed with drinking water containing no more than 0.5 mg/L fluoride;in the fluoride group,the rats were fed with high dose of sodium fluoride in drinking water (50.0 mg/L fluoride).Each group was fed with normal diet (6.2 mg/kg fluoride).After exposed to fluoride for 6 months,each group was mated,and brains of newborn offspring rats aged 1,7,14,21 and 28 days were taken,and expression of M1 and M3 receptors at mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Behavioral changes were measured by Morris water maze test at the 28 days after birth.The correlations between protein levels of M1 and M3 receptors and the ability of learning and memory at the 28 days after birth were analyzed.Results In fluoride group of the offspring rats at 28 days after birth,the escape latency time [(35.61 ± 9.00)s] was significantly longer than that in control group [(8.46 ± 3.09)s,P ＜ 0.05],while the numbers of crossing the platforms and the time of staying the platforms [(5.00 ± 2.90)times,(16.66 ± 2.79)s] were significantly decreased as compared to that of control group [(15.17 ± 3.66)times,(22.51 ± 2.66)s,all P ＜ 0.05].Furthermore,the mRNA expression and the protein levels of M1 and M3 receptors in rat brain at each phase in fluoride group were significantly decreased as compared to controls [M1 mRNA in control groups:(100.00 ± 11.00)％,(100.00 ± 17.57)％,(100.00 ± 9.14)％,(100.00 ± 7.52)％,(100.00 ± 15.78)％;M1 mRNA in fluoride groups:(20.47 ± 8.07)％,(14.00 ± 4.53)％,(16.57 ± 7.62)％,(25.56 ± 12.78)％,(16.27 ± 4.82)％;M3 mRNA in control groups:(100.00 ± 16.30)％,(100.00 ± 14.40)％,(100.00 ± 7.20)％,(100.00 ± 14.31)％,(100.00 ± 13.16)％;M3 mRNA in fluoride groups:(29.17 ± 8.00)％,(12.77 ± 2.22)％,(26.40 ± 7.20)％,(15.74 ± 3.55)％,(28.14 ± 7.53)％;M1 protein in control groups:(100.00 ± 2.24)％,(100.00 ± 8.30)％,(100.00 ± 4.61)％,(100.00 ± 13.78)％,(100.00 ± 11.72)％;M1 protein in fluoride groups:(20.47 ± 8.07)％,(14.00 ± 4.53)％,(16.57 ± 7.62)％,(25.56 ± 12.78)％,(16.27 ± 4.82)％;M3 protein in control groups:(100.00 ± 16.30)％,(100.00 ± 14.40)％,(100.00 ± 7.20)％,(100.00 ± 14.31)％,(100.00 ± 13.16)％;M3 protein in fluoride groups:(29.17 ± 8.00)％,(12.77 ± 2.22)％,(26.40 ± 7.20)％,(15.74 ± 3.55)％,(28.14 ± 7.53)％,P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01].The escape latency and M1,M3 receptors protein levels were negatively correlated (r =-0.827,-0.742,all P ＜ 0.05),and the number of space exploration and M1,M3 receptors protein levels were positively correlated (r =0.843,0.806,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The expression of M receptor at protein and mRNA levels in offspring rat brains of different ages are significantly declined,which might be one of the mechanism of the decreased ability of learning and memory induced by fluoride toxicity.