Objective To analyze the genetic model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods The segregation analysis and polygenic multiple threshold model were used to prove the polygenic model and to estimate the heritability and recurrence risk of ADHD in each degree relatives.Results 1. The average heritability of ADHD was (102.47?9.78)%;2.The first-degree relatives of probands were in high risk for ADHD(23.0%)compared with colony prevalence rate(2.6%). The ADHD prevalence of each degree relatives rapidly decreased with the increased magnitude of consanguineous relationship of each degree relatives and ADHD probands. Conclusions The genetic model of ADHD is the most likely polygenic inheritance with major genes, which suggested that the genetic factor might play an important role in the liability variance of ADHD.Apart from the involvement of multiple genes,each gene contributes a small additive effect,and the major genes may be involved as well.

'Bronze teeth' reflect the mechanical properties of natural teeth to a certain extent. Their mechanical properties resemble those of a tough metal, and the gradient of these properties lies in the direction from outside to inside. These attributes confer human teeth with effective mastication ability. Understanding the various mechanical properties of human teeth and dental materials is the basis for the development of restorative materials. In this study, the elastic properties, dynamic mechanical properties (visco-elasticity) and fracture mechanical properties of enamel and dentin were reviewed to provide a more thorough understanding of the mechanical properties of human teeth.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dental Enamel ; physiopathology ; Dentin ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Mastication ; Tooth ; physiopathology

Objective To investigate the resistant mechanism of imipenem-resistant K. pneumoniae.Methods The minimal inhibitive concentrations (MICs) of the antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest.Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF),plasmid extraction,conjugation, transformation,PCR amplification,cloning and sequencing were carried out for analyzing the encoding gene of ?-1actamases.Results Three kinds of ?-1actamases were detected with pIs of 7.2,6.7,and 5.4.in a clinical strain of K.pneumoniae.These ?-1actamases were TEM-I (pI,5.4),SHV-12 (pI,8.2) and KPC-2 ( pI,6.7 ) confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products.Only one band of ?-1actamase with pI 6.7 was displayed in the transformant.A 1500 bp segment,which contained the KPC-2 gene confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis,was cloned from a 60 000 bp plasmid of the transformant.Conclusion The strain of K.pneumoniae resistant to imipenem produces a plasmid-mediated carbapenemase KPC-2 which belongs to Bush group 2f,class A ?-1actamase.

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship of bodyweight gain and the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy, and analyze the effect of the nutritional therapy on the outcome of GDM.

METHODSWe collected 265 pregnant women who were diagnosed to be GDM and 571 pregnant women as the control group in the Xiamen Maternal and Child Health Hospital during 2007 - 2009. The general information of the subjects were collected. The bodyweight of the subjects were measured before the 20(th) week of pregnancy, 26 - 27(th) week (mid-gestation), 35 - 36(th) week (late-gestation) of pregnancy and prior to delivery. The bodyweight gain of different pregnancy weeks of the two groups and the effect of bodyweight on GMD occurrence before 28(th) week of pregnancy were analyzed by ages (< 25, 25-, 30-, ≥ 35). Meanwhile, we prescribed the nutrition therapy to the GDM pregnant woman and the effect of the blood sugar control on the outcome of the pregnancy were evaluated.

RESULTSThe bodyweight gain of 25-, 30-, older than 35 year-old subjects of the GDM group were (16.9 ± 6.3), (16.8 ± 6.1), (16.5 ± 6.0) kg, respectively, the bodyweight gain of the control group were (13.9 ± 3.0), (13.8 ± 2.7), (13.3 ± 2.7) kg (t = 6.259, 5.885, 3.533, respectively, all P values < 0.05). During the 20(th) to 27(th) week of the pregnancy, the bodyweight gain of the subjects younger than 25, 25-, 30-year-old in GDM group were (5.2 ± 1.0), (5.4 ± 1.7), (4.8 ± 1.3) kg, respectively, the bodyweight gain of the control group were (3.3 ± 1.3), (3.7 ± 1.6) and (3.5 ± 0.7) kg (t = 5.026, 9.659, 11.19, respectively, all P values < 0.05). During the period between 26(th) to 36(th) week, the bodyweight gain of subjects older than 35 year-old in GDP group was (3.6 ± 2.0) kg which was less than the control group ((4.0 ± 0.9) kg, t = -2.449, P < 0.05). 41.22% (54/131) and 44.94% (40/89) of 25-, 30-year-old subjects in GDM group showed bodyweight gain more than 13 kg, but 30.04% (76/253) and 26.07% (55/211) in the control group (OR values were 1.633 and 2.315, both P values < 0.05). The rate of the abnormal birth weight of the GDM group with blood sugar controlled and the control group were 6.6% (12/182) and 9.4% (54/571) which was lower than the GDP group with blood sugar control failure (20.5% (17/83)) (χ(2) values were 11.460, 9.119, respectively, both P values < 0.0125). The rate of premature delivery was 21.7%(18/83), higher than the control group (10.8%, 62/571) (χ(2) = 7.945, P < 0.0125). The rate of the cesarean in the control group was 25.4%(145/571) which was lower than the two GDM groups, including the group which the blood sugar was well controlled (46.7%, 85/182) and not well controlled (65.0%, 54/83) (χ(2) values were 29.540, 53.860, respectively, both P values < 0.0125).

CONCLUSIONThe bodyweight gain in the mid-gestation could affect the occurrence of GDM. The bodyweight gain should be less than 13 kg before 28(th) week of the pregnancy whose age was 25-year-old. Nutritional therapy and blood sugar control in GDM pregnant women could improve the pregnancy outcome.

Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes, Gestational ; diet therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Nutrition Therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Treatment Outcome ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVETo study the gap junction mechanisms for synergistic effects of liuwei di-huang pill (LDP) containing serum on HSV-tk/GCV suicide gene therapy of mouse malignant melanoma B16 cells.

METHODSThe LDP containing serum (2.5% LDP serum group, 5.0% LDP serum group, and 10.0% LDP serum group) and the control serum group were set up. The effects of LDP on mRNA expressions of Cx26 and Cx43 in mouse malignant melanoma B16 cells were detected by RT-PCR assay. The effects of LDP on protein expressions of Cx26 and Cx43 in B16 cells were detected using Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The interference efficiencies of Cx26-309, Cx26-337, Cx26-367, Cx26-2098 SiRNA on Cx26 gene in B16 cells were detected using RT-RCR technique. Cx26-2098 SiRNA, due to the optimal interference efficiency, was chosen to interfere Cx26 gene, and the bystander effect of LDP + HSV-tk/GCV was observed. The effects of the gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid on the killing of LDP + HSV-tk/GCV system to B16 cells were detected by MTT assay. In this experiment, the control serum group, 2.5% LDP serum group, 5. 0% LDP serum group, 10.0% LDP serum group, the control serum combined GCV group, 2.5% LDP serum combined GCV group, 5.0% LDP serum combined GCV group, 10.0% LDP serum combined GCV group, 2.5% LDP serum combined GCV + glycyrrhetinic acid group, 5.0% LDP serum combined GCV + glycyrrhetinic acid group, 10.0% LDP serum combined GCV + glycyrrhetinic acid group were set up. The final concentration of GCV was 20 micromol/L. The final concentration of glycyrrhetinic acid was 50 micromol/L.

RESULTSLDP containing serum could increase the protein and mRNA expressions of Cx43 in B16 cell in a dose-dependent manner. It had bi-directional regulation on the Cx26 protein and mRNA expressions. The low dose LDP had inhibition while high dose LDP could up-regulate its expression. After SiRNA interfered Cx26 gene, there was no obvious change in the bystander effect of LDP combined suicide gene therapy between before and after interference. There was significant reduction in the inhibition rate between before (48.75%, 59.39%, and 69.28%) and after blockage (29.14%, 38.71%, and 58.13%) of glycyrrhetinic acid in the 2. 5%, 5.0%, 10.0% LDP serum combined GCV groups (P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe synergistic effects of LDP containing serum on HSV-tk/GCV suicide gene therapy in mouse malignant melanoma B16 cells were correlated with the gap junction mechanisms, which might be achieved through increasing the expressions of Cx26 and Cx43.

Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Connexin 26 ; Connexin 43 ; metabolism ; Connexins ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Gap Junctions ; metabolism ; Genetic Therapy ; Male ; Melanoma ; therapy ; Mice ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum

OBJECTIVETo study the changes of root canal curvatures and apical transportation index when the curved root canals were prepared by hand-use ProTaper, stainless steel K-files or nickel-titanium K-files.

METHODSForty-five extracted molars, with the degree of root canal curvature from twenty to forty, were divided into fifteen sections in curvature sequence. After that, three canals of each section were randomly distributed to three different instrumentation groups. One group of them was prepared by hand-use ProTaper with crown-down technique. The other two groups were instrumented by stainless steel or nickel titanium K-files with modified step-back technique to working length. The standard digital radiographs were taken to record the profiles of root canals and the positions of the tips of the instruments. The change of curvature degree between pre- and post-instrumentation and the apical transportation indexes (ATI) among three groups were analyzed respectively using SAS statistical software.

RESULTSThe change of curvature degree between pre- and post-instumentation for stainless steel K-files group was largest, and the ATI of stainless steel K-files group was significantly greater than that for nickel titanium K-files group (P < 0.05). The canals prepared by hand-use ProTaper was smallest in the change of curvature and ATI among the three groups (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONWhen preparing curved molar canals, hand-use ProTaper with crown down technique can obtain better shaping effect and higher efficiency.

Dental Instruments ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Molar ; Nickel ; Root Canal Preparation ; Root Canal Therapy ; Stainless Steel ; Titanium

OBJECTIVEIn recent years, the assessment of the plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) has become a most effectively and commonly used method for screening primary aldosteronism from hypertensive patients. It is known that there is a large variance in ARR value between races and ARR is affected by many factors, such as drugs, posture and serum potassium etc. The objective of this study is to establish the threshold of ARR for screening primary aldosteronism in Chinese hypertensive patients.

METHODSA total of 110 hypertensive patients were recruited and divided into essential hypertension group (n=65) and adenoma/hyperplasia group (n=45) according to the adrenal contrast CT scan. Antihypertensive drugs which can affect ARR such as beta-blockers, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and clonidine, were withdrawn for at least 2 weeks. Washout period for diuretics including spironolactone were 4 weeks. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (slow released verapamil) and/or alpha-blocker (terazosin) are allowed for controlling blood pressure when needed. If the serum potassium value<3.6 mmol/L, an oral potassium supplement was prescribed. After keeping upright position for 2 hours, blood samples were drawn for PRA and PAC measurement between 9:00AM-10:00AM.

RESULTSARR was 100.00+/-48.65 (14.19-285.16) pg/ml vs ngxml-1xh-1 in patients with essential hypertension and 699.33+/-213.33 (185.8-2150) pg/ml vs ngxml-1xh-1 in patients with adenoma/hyperplasia. ARR value was greater than 240 in 42 out of 45 patients (93.3%) with adenoma/hyperplasia and was less than 240 in 59 out of 65 (90.7%) patients with essential hypertension. We used ARR 240 as the cut-off threshold for screening primary aldosteronism in another 178 hypertensive patients and ARR was greater than 240 in all 15 patients with confirmed primary aldosteronism.

CONCLUSIONIt is suitable to use upright ARR 240 as a cut-off threshold for screening primary aldosteronism in Chinese hypertensive patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aldosterone ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Clinical Chemistry Tests ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Hypertension ; complications ; epidemiology ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Potassium ; blood ; Reference Values ; Renin ; blood ; Renin-Angiotensin System

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and the distribution pattern of lesion site of intracranial vascular stenosis and to identify risk factors for the stenosis in patients with essential hypertension.

METHODSA total of 231 consecutive inpatients with essential hypertension were included in this study. Patients with the history of cerebrovascular diseases and relevant neurological symptoms were excluded. Intracranial vascular stenosis (>50% diameter reduction) was detected using CT angiography (CTA).

RESULTSOf 231 patients, 69 (29.87%) had intracranial artery stenosis. The most common stenosis site is middle cerebral artery (43.69%), followed by carotid siphon (20.39%). The stenosis in internal carotid arterial system (78.64%) was more common than in vertebrobasilar arterial system (21.56%, P < 0.05). The patients with intracranial vascular stenosis were older, had longer history of hypertension, higher levels of systolic blood pressure, higher plasma cholesterol, higher LDL-C. Lp (a), higher urinary microalbumin excretion, thicker ventricular septum, and lower levels of HDL-C than the patients without stenosis. Logistic analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (OR 1.650, 95% CI 1.134 - 2.400, P = 0.023), course of hypertension (OR 1.238, 95% CI 1.072 - 1.429, P = 0.006), LDL-C (OR 2.103, 95% CI 1.157 - 3.823, P = 0.014) and type 2 diabetes (OR 2.325, 95% CI 1.161 - 4.341, P = 0.011) were the independent risk factors of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis.

CONCLUSIONSNearly 30% inpatients with essential hypertension had asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis. The most common site of stenosis was middle cerebral artery. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes were risk factors for the development of intracranial arterial stenosis.

Aged ; Cerebral Angiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Intracranial Arterial Diseases ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Objective To measure biomechanical parameters of the cornea after keratoconus and laser corneal refractive surgery by Scheimpflug noncontact tonometry (Corvis ST),and analyze the changes and differences in these parameters.Methods From April 2011 to November 2016,63 patients (96 eyes) with clinically diagnosed as keratoconus were selected as the keratoconus group,and 60 patients (120 eyes) underwent laser corneal refractive surgery between November 2016 to March 2017 were selected as postoperative cornea group,and totally 51 healthy person (102 eyes) who received physical examination during the same period were selected as healthy cornea group.Scheimpflug noncontact tonometry (Corvis ST) was performed to measure the length of appl 1,length of appl 2,velocity of appl 1,velocity of appl 2,maximum deformation amplitude,apex distance and radius of curvature in the three groups.Total comparison of biomechanical parameters was performed using ANOVA test among the three groups,while pairwise comparison was performed to analyze the difference of these parameters by SNK methods.Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was applied to assess the differences in corneal morphological and biomechanical parameters.Results There was no significant difference in length of appl 1,length of appl 2 of the three groups (all P ＞ 0.05).And velocity of appl 1 in the keratoconus group was significantly higher than that of the healthy cornea group [(0.189 ± 0.230) m · s-1 vs.(0.151 ± 0.017)m · s-1] (P ＜ 0.05).As for velocity of appl 2,the keratoconus group was larger than the healthy cornea group,both which were larger than the postoperative cornea group,and the differences were significant (all P ＜ 0.05).And this was true of maximum deformation amplitude in the three groups,with the significant differences(all P ＜ 0.05).The apex distance in the keratoconus group was significantly longer than that in the healthy cornea group (P ＜ 0.05).The radius of curvature of the keratoconus group,postoperative cornea group and healthy cornea group were (5.696 ± 0.881) mm,(7.129 ± 0.681) mm and (7.012 ± 0.728) ram,respectively,which approached significant differences(all P ＜ 0.05).There was significant correlation between the anterior surface refractive power (Km) and apex distance and radius of curvature in the keratoconus group (r =-0.205,0.1 84;P =0.023,0.041),and maximum posterior surface elevation had a statistically significant correlation with velocity of appl 2,maximum deformation amplitude and radius of curvature (r =-0.579,-0.307,0.256,P =0.022,0.002,0.000).For the eyes in the postoperative cornea group,there were no significance correlation between the anterior surface refractive power (Km) and biomechanical properties (P ＞ 0.05),but significant correlation with length of appl 2 (r =-0.297,P =0.026).There were no significant correlation between maximum posterior surface elevation and biomechanical properties (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The corneal biomechanical parameters are decreased in eyes after keratoconus and laser corneal refractive surgery,and Corvis ST can become an auxiliary examination tool for earlier diagnosis of secondary keratoconus after corneal refractive surgery.