1.Analysis of clinical phenotype and genotype of Chinese children with disorders of sex development.
Hu LIN ; Hao YANG ; Jun Fen FU ; Jin Na YUAN ; Ke HUANG ; Wei WU ; Guan Ping DONG ; Hong Juan TIAN ; De Hua WU ; Da Xing TANG ; Ding Wen WU ; Li Ying SUN ; Ya Lei PI ; Li Jun LIU ; Li Ping SHI ; Wei GU ; Lu Gang HUANG ; Yi Hua WANG ; Lin Qi CHEN ; Hong Ying LI ; Yang YU ; Hai Yan WEI ; Xin Ran CHENG ; Xiao Ou SHAN ; Yu LIU ; Xu XU ; Shu LIU ; Xiao Ping LUO ; Yan Feng XIAO ; Yu YANG ; Gui Mei LI ; Mei FENG ; Xiu Qi MA ; Dao Xiang PAN ; Jia Yan TANG ; Rui Min CHEN ; Mireguli MAIMAITI ; De Yun LIU ; Xin Hai CUI ; Zhe SU ; Zhi Qiao DONG ; Li ZOU ; Yan Ling LIU ; Jin WU ; Kun Xia LI ; Yuan LI
Chinese Journal of Pediatrics 2022;60(5):435-441
Objective: To explore the heterogeneity and correlation of clinical phenotypes and genotypes in children with disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods: A retrospective study of 1 235 patients with clinically proposed DSD in 36 pediatric medical institutions across the country from January 2017 to May 2021. After capturing 277 DSD-related candidate genes, second-generation sequencing was performed to analyzed the heterogeneity and correlation combined with clinical phenotypes. Results: Among 1 235 children with clinically proposed DSD, 980 were males and 255 were females of social gender at the time of initial diagnosis with the age ranged from 1 day of age to 17.92 years. A total of 443 children with pathogenic variants were detected through molecular genetic studies, with a positive detection rate of 35.9%. The most common clinical phenotypes were micropenis (455 cases), hypospadias (321 cases), and cryptorchidism (172 cases) and common mutations detected were in SRD5A2 gene (80 cases), AR gene (53 cases) and CYP21A2 gene (44 cases). Among them, the SRD5A2 mutation is the most common in children with simple micropenis and simple hypospadias, while the AMH mutation is the most common in children with simple cryptorchidism. Conclusions: The SRD5A2 mutation is the most common genetic variant in Chinese children with DSD, and micropenis, cryptorchidism, and hypospadias are the most common clinical phenotypes. Molecular diagnosis can provide clues about the biological basis of DSD, and can also guide clinicians to perform specific clinical examinations. Target sequence capture probes and next-generation sequencing technology can provide effective and economical genetic diagnosis for children with DSD.
3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase/genetics*
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Child
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China/epidemiology*
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Cryptorchidism/genetics*
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Disorders of Sex Development/genetics*
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Female
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Genital Diseases, Male
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Genotype
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Humans
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Hypospadias/genetics*
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Male
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Membrane Proteins/genetics*
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Penis/abnormalities*
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Phenotype
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Retrospective Studies
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Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics*
Result Analysis
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