AlM:To evaluate the applicability and the development of the normal visual acuity from age 3 to 3. 5 years using Lea Symbols and HOTV charts.
METHODS:lt was a survey research study. Totally, 133 preschoolers ( 266 eyes ) between 3 to 4. 5 years old recruited from two kid-gardens in Guangzhou were tested with both the Lea Symbols chart and the HOTV chart. Outcome measures were monocular logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution ( logMAR) visual acuity and inter-eye acuity difference in logMAR units for each test.
RESULTS: The testability rates of the two charts were high (96. 24% vs 92. 48%, respectively), but difference was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). The difference between the two kind of monocular vision was not statistically significant (the right eye: t=0. 517, P=0. 606;the left eye: t = - 0. 618, P = 0. 538 ). There was no significant difference between different eye ( Lea Symbols chart:t=0. 638, P=0. 525; HOTV chart: t= -0. 897, P=0. 372). The visual acuities of the boys were better than those of the girls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). The results which came from visual acuities with the two charts for the corresponding age groups (3-year-old group, 3. 5-year-old group, 4-year-old group, 4. 5-year-old group) indicated that the visual acuities of the preschoolers were improving with increasing age, but the difference among the visual acuities with the Lea Symbols chart was not statistically significant (the right eye:F=2. 662, P=0. 052;the left eye:F=1. 850, P=0. 143). However the difference among the visual acuities with the HOTV chart was statistically significant (the right eye:F=4. 518, P=0. 005;the left eye:F=3. 893, P=0. 011).
CONCLUSlON: Both Lea Symbols and HOTV chars are accepted and appropriate for preschool vision screening from 3 to 4. 5 years old. The monocular visual acuity of preschoolers from age 3 to 4. 5 years could be assessed was similar using the two charts. There is no correlation between visual acuity and different eye. There is no statistical difference between the genders. The results further demonstrate that the preschoolers whose age reached three years old have the ability to accept the Subjective vision checks. Also the development of the normal visual acuity is faster in the early stage.

AIM:To evaluate the morphological and functional changes of retinas induced by treatment of tunicamycin with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in rats.METHODS:Totally 60 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (20 in each group), 0.5mg/kg (in low dose group), 1.5mg/kg (in high dose group) tunicamycin were injected into vitreous cavity and saline (9g/L NaCl) were injected in the same dose as a control group.Changes of retinas were observed by OCT on the 1,7 and 14d after treatment of tunicamycin.Then the rats were sacrificed, retinas were taken out and embedded by the paraffin, tissue sections and the HE staining were performed.RESULTS:OCT results suggested that tunicamycin played damage effects on retinal morphology and structure which appeared a time-and dose-dependent.Fundus photography results suggested that 2wk after tunicamycin treatments, with the gradually changing of tunicamycin concentration, peripheral retinal and macular region became pale color gradually, edema occurred in optic disk, retinal vessels appeared thinner in the high dose group, optic nerve came out atrophy.Fluorescein angiography confirmed that tunicamycin injection in vitreous cavity 2wk later, retinal vessels injury occurred, resulted in leaking of intravascular contrast agent from peripheral to the central part of the retinas.Electrophysiological data showed that retinal electrogram occurred disorder induced by tunicamycin, such as the amplitude of a wave, b wave decreased gradually, even closed to zero, which was very different from control significantly (P<0.05).HE staining of paraffin sections showed that retina injuries induced by tunicamycin were in dose-time dependent, which was consistent with the results of OCT.CONCLUSION: Clinical retinal diseases could be simulated by retinal damage animal model induced by tunicamycin treatment.OCT detection offered real-time images of the retinal cross-section, which provided a helpful non-invasive method for detecting and evaluating the retinal damages.

Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; Humans ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors ; Serpins

Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; supply & distribution ; Occupational Health

Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; Pneumonia ; genetics ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; genetics

Objective: To study the optimal preparation process of glycyrrhetinic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (GA-CS-NPs) and to evaluate the quality. Methods: The GA-CS-NPs were prepared by ionic cross-linking. The particle size, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency were as evaluation indexes. The prescription and preparation process were optimized through single factor and orthogonal design. The quality of GA-CS-NPs was evaluated by morphology, particle size, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency. Results: The optimal prescription was as follows: concentration of GA and CS was 0.2 and 2 mg/mL, ratio of CS and TPP (1.0 mg/mL) solutions was 20∶3. The mean diameter of GA-CS-NPs was (310.27 ± 10.02) nm, the entrapment efficiency and drug-loading efficiency were (51.42 ± 0.43)% and (6.87 ± 0.47)%. The evaluation showed that the appearance of GA-CS-NPs was round and uniform. It had a certain stability under lower temperature. Conclusion: The ionic cross-linking method used to prepare GA-CS-NPs is simple, rational, and stable.

The problem of pediatric drugs has been the challenges facing the world. The two most important issues are the lack of appropriate drug dosage forms for children and the safety and effectiveness data of drug use in children. How to encourage production enterprises to produce drug varieties, specifications and dosage forms suitable for children use, guide drug manufacturers to obtain drug use data are the most important work for pediatric drugs.Based on the literature home and abroad, we analyze the regulatory policies for the research and development(RD) and application of pediatric drugs in the USA, EU and Japan, which have made great efforts to encourage enterprises to conduct pediatric research. Their successful experiences are summarized and can be used as reference for the establishment of the policies adaptive to the situation of China for the RD of pediatric drugs.

Objective To investigate the changes in the metabolism of neurotransmitters in different regions of the brain induced by propofol in healthy volunteers using the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technology.Methods IH-MRS was performed in ten 20-40 year old healthy volunteers. Each volunteer underwent MRS scan twice. The first MRS scan was performed when they were conscious as baseline control value. The second scan was performed during target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol. The target effect-site concentration was set at 3.0 ?g?ml-1. Volume of interest (VOI) included sensory cortex, motor cortex, thalamus, hippocampus and basal ganglia. The metabolites in the spectra included N-acetyl-aspartic acid (NAA), glutamic acid (Glu), GABA, choline compounds (Cho) and creatine (Cr) .Results During TCI of propofol MAP and RR were significantly decreased ( P 0.05) as compared to the baseline value when the volunteers were conscious. During TCI of propofol the NAA content in thalamus and hippocampus, Glu content in thalamus, hippocampus and basal ganglia and Cho content in all the 5 regions of the brain were significantly decreased ( P

The clinical practice on real patients is more and more difficult in the present condition of the hospitals.Then,the modern medical simulating teaching is the main direction of the development in this field due to its characteristics,based on high- technology,simulating the real clinical circumstance,and being applicable in practice and avoiding the risk of clinical miscarriage. The significance and main development direction of modern medical simulated teaching will be discussed in this article.

Objective To study the clinical application of quantitative ultrasound(QUS) which evaluate skeletal status of children and adolescents.Methods Subjects were children and adolescents aged 0-18 years old.Tibia/radial bone strength was obtained using QUS.Children who were younger than 2 years old only were measured at midpiece of tibia,and children who were older than 2 years old were measu-red at midpiece of tibia and radius.At the same time,calcium in peripheral blood was measured by the method of atomic absorption.Results 1.Radial and tibial bone strength presented nonlinear growth with age in healthy children and adolescents.2.Bone strengths of different anatomic-sites were different and the disparity rate of evaluation at different anatomic sites was 30.1%.3.The bone strength of the children who had some risk factors that could induce decrease of bone strength or had some diseases of bone metabolism was lower than healthy children.Composition of low bone strength children was 71.1% in high risk children,and was 47.9% in those who had some symptom or physical sign of calcium deficiency.4.Composition of low bone strength children was 44.2% in those who had normal peripheral blood calcium,and composition of normal bone strength children in those who had low peripheral blood calcium was 59.7%.The 2 methods had no correlation.Conclusions QUS is a quite useful technique in evaluation skeletal status of children and adolescents,and is sensitive for high risk children.It is necessary to measure radius and tibia,and consider blood calcium and bone strength to evaluate practical level of calcium and nutritional state of children.