OBJECTIVETo explore the correlation between the recurrence of cerebral infarction and aspirin resistance (AR)/Chinese medical (CM) constitutions.

METHODSTotally 413 cerebral infarction patients took Aspirin Enteric-coated Tablet (100 mg per day) while receiving routine therapy, 5 days at least in a week. They were followed-up for 12 months. Aspirin sensitivity (AS) was determined using turbidimetry. CM constitutions among patients with different AS were compared. Ratios of AR patients and AS patients of different CM constitutions in cerebral infarction recurrent patients were compared. Platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) II b HPA-3 gene polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Correlation between recurrence of cerebral infarction and AR, bb genotypes, CM constitutions times AS were analyzed by Logistic regression.

RESULTSTotally 11 patients dropped out, 101 (25.12%)with recurrent cerebral infarction and 301 (74.88%) without recurrent cerebral infarction. There were 152 (37.81%) AR patients and 250 (62.19%) AS patients. AR accounted for 26.6% (80/ 301) and AS accounted for 73.4% (221/301) in non-recurrent cerebral infarction patients. AR accounted for 71.3% (72/101) and AS accounted for 28.7% (29/101) in recurrent cerebral infarction patients. There was statistical difference in AR and AS ratios (χ2 = 64.287, P = 0.000). The proportion of yin deficiency constitution (YDC) was the largest [28.3% (43/152)] in AR patients. The proportion of blood stasis constitution (BSC) was the largest [23.6% (59/250)] in AS patients. There was statistical difference in CM constitutions between AR patients and AS patients (χ2 = 21.574, P < 0.01). The former 4 recurrent rates occurred in AR patients of YDC, BSC, damp-phlegm constitution (DPC), qi deficiency constitution (QDC). YDC occupied the first place [22.4% (34/152)]. The former 4 recurrent rates occurred in AS patients of BSC, QDC, DPC, damp-heat constitution (DHC). BSC occupied the first place [3.2% (2/250)]. Compared with non-recurrent cerebral infarction patients and AS patients, bb gene occurred most often, but aa gene and ab gene occurred obviously lesser in non-recurrent cerebral infarction patients and AR patients (χ2 = 20.171, χ2 = 55.139, P < 0.01). AR and bb gene were positively correlated with recurrent cerebral infarction (OR = 18.423, P = 0.000; OR = 1.304, P = 0.028). Body constitutions interacted with AS (OR = 0.707, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONSRecurrent cerebral infarction was closely related to AR and constitutional types. The recurrence rate was higher in AR patients of YDC. GP I b HPA-3 bb genotype might be a risk factor for AR and recurrent cerebral infarction.

Aspirin ; therapeutic use ; Body Constitution ; Cerebral Infarction ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neoplasms ; Recurrence ; Yin Deficiency

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of a low level of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and fermentation characteristics in term infants by comparing with human milk and a standard infant formula without GOS.

METHODSA total of 371 term infants from four hospitals of China were enrolled. The infants started with breast feeding. After 1-2 weeks, some of the infants were changed to feeding with formula milk and then were randomly assigned to two formula-feeding groups: with or without GOS supplementation (2.4 g/L). Growth, stool characteristics, and side effects were recorded in a 3-month-follow-up. Faecal samples were collected for analysis of intestinal bacteria (culture technique), acetic acid (gas chromatography) and pH (indicator strip) at postnatal 3 months.

RESULTSCompared with the formula-feeding group without GOS, the contents of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and acetic acid and stool frequency increased, and faecal pH decreased significantly in the GOS-formula-feeding and the human milk group. There were no significant differences between the GOS-formula-feeding and the human milk groups. Supplementation with GOS did not lead to an increase in the incidence of crying, regurgitation and vomiting.

CONCLUSIONSA supplementation of low levels of GOS in infant formula seemed to improve stool frequency, decrease faecal pH, and stimulate intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli up to levels as found in breast-fed infants.

Bifidobacterium ; isolation & purification ; Dietary Supplements ; Galactose ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Lactobacillus ; isolation & purification ; Oligosaccharides ; administration & dosage

Objective To analyze changes of three periodical circulation systems,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and bone marrow cell morphology in children with malaria.Methods The routine tests of hematology by Sysmex KX-21 Counter, erythrocyte sedimentation rate by Westergren method and bone marrow cell morphology were analyzed. Results In 22 cases of malaria the ratio of Hb level below 110 g/L,WBC below 4?10~9/L and PLT below 100?10~9/L was 68.2%, 41.0%, and 77.3%,respectively. The ratio of children with all three parameters (Hb, WBC and PLT) abnormal was 36.4%, with two parameters abnormal was 63.6%. Ninty-five point five percent of malaria children′s erythrocyte sedimentation rate was abnormal. Fifty-nine point one percent of malaria children had hyperplasia anemia bone marrow morphology, 77.3% secondary thrombocytopenia and 54.5% with both of two bone marrow morphology.Conclusions Three periodical circulation systems of malaria children alter notably, especially in PLT and Hb. The majority has erythrocyte sedimentation rate abnormal, and bone marrow cell morphology shows hyperplasia anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Bone Marrow Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; CD28 Antigens ; blood ; metabolism ; CD4 Antigens ; blood ; metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Dendritic Cells, Follicular ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Immunophenotyping ; methods ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neprilysin ; blood ; metabolism ; Receptors, Complement 3d ; blood ; metabolism ; fas Receptor ; blood ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore if early fracture fixation can alleviate gut barrier function damage caused by multiple firearm injuries in pigs.

METHODSTwelve healthy pigs were subjected to tangential fracture of parietal bone and comminuted fractures of bilateral femora (ISS >or= 16) due to 5.8 mm bullets shooting and these pigs were divided randomly into 2 groups. Control group (n = 6) were not treated at all. Fracture fixation Group (n = 6) were managed by immediate fracture fixation of bilateral femora with intramedullary nails. Plasma concentration of D-lactate, DAO and endotoxin (in portal vein) were detected at different intervals before and after trauma. The portal vein blood was cultured and the percentage of positive isolation was calculated. The concentration of DAO in small bowel was also detected 72 hours later after trauma.

RESULTSIn control group, the plasma concentrations of D-lactate, DAO and endotoxin increased at early stage and kept high till 72 hours after trauma; the percentage of positive blood culture was 63.3%. In Group F, the levels of plasma D-lactate, DAO and endotoxin were also elevated at early stage (6 - 12 h), but declined significantly from 24 h or 48 h after trauma compared with control group (P < 0.05), and the percentage of positive blood culture was lower (30.0%, P < 0.05). The concentrations of DAO in small bowel decreased in both groups, but to a less extent in Group F.

CONCLUSIONBacterial and endotoxin translocation emerged with increasing gut permeability after multiple firearm injuries. The damage of gut barrier function could be alleviated and the chance of enterogenous infection could be by early fracture fixation after trauma.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Intestines ; metabolism ; Multiple Trauma ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Permeability ; Random Allocation ; Swine ; Wounds, Gunshot ; physiopathology ; surgery

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Magnolia grandiflora L..METHODS The ethyl acetate fracion of 70％ acetone extract from M.grandiflora leaves was isolated and purified by silica,Sephadex LH-20 and MCI column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as 10α-methoxyalloaromadendra-4β-ol (1),spathulenol (2),aromadendra-4β,10β-diol (3),aromadendra-4β,10α-diol (4),9-oxonerolidol (5),9-hydroxynerolidol (6),3,7-dimethylocta-1,5E-diene-3,7-diol (7),phytol (8),α-tocopherol (9),elemicin (10),syringaresinol (11),yangambin (12).CONCLUSION Compounds 1,3-6,8 are isolated from genus Magnolia for the first time,compounds 7,9,10,12 are first isolated from this plant.

In order to find the compound basis of Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee that related to pharmacodynamic action, various chromatographic techniques were used to separate and purify the constituents of this plant, and physicochemical and spectral data were used to identify the structures of obtained compounds. A new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside, named as phlomisoside F, was isolated and identified, which was 15,16-epoxy-8(9),13(16), 14-labdatrien-7-ketone-19-oic acid-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester.
Diterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Phlomis ; chemistry ; Plant Tubers ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

BACKGROUNDThe role of the G alpha q/11-mediated signal transduction pathway in angiotensin II (AngII) induced cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. This study was to investigate the role of the G alpha q/11 signal transduction pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in 2K1C hypertensive rats and in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) and to elucidate the effects of the pathway on AngII induced cardiac hypertrophy.

METHODSRenal hypertension was induced in 2K1C hypertensive rats by placing a silver clip around the left renal artery. At 8 weeks after operation, the systolic blood pressure, the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight (LV/BW), and the concentration of AngII in the heart were measured. The protein levels of G alpha q/11 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were assayed by Western blot analysis, and the activity of phospholipase C (PLC) in the myocardium was detected using [(3)H]-PIP2 as a substrate. Changes in [(3)H]-leucine incorporation and in the protein levels of the signal molecules G alpha q/11, PLC beta 3, and ERK1/2 were measured after NRVMs were stimulated with 10(-7) mol/L AngII.

RESULTSThe protein levels of G alpha q/11 and ERK1/2 in the hearts of 2K1C rats increased by 35.8% and 31.9%, respectively, compared with the sham group. The PLC activity in the 2K1C group was also significantly increased (P < 0.05). The levels of G alpha q/11, PLC beta 3, and ERK1/2 increased significantly after NRVMs were stimulated by AngII. The upregulation of G alpha q/11, PLC beta 3 and ERK1/2 in NRVMs occurred prior to [(3)H]-leucine incorporation increases, and could be inhibited with losartan.

CONCLUSIONAngII can initiate cardiac hypertrophy and upregulate signal molecules in the G alpha q/11-mediated signal transduction pathway, such as G alpha q/11, PLC beta 3 and ERK1/2, at both tissue and cellular levels.

Angiotensin II ; physiology ; Animals ; Cardiomegaly ; etiology ; Cells, Cultured ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 ; physiology ; Hypertension ; complications ; Isoenzymes ; physiology ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; physiology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; Phospholipase C beta ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; physiology ; Type C Phospholipases ; physiology ; Up-Regulation

AIMCharacterization of poly (D, L-lactic acid)/monomethylether terminated/polyethylene glycol (Me. PEG-PLA) block copolymers nanoparticles.

METHODSMe. PEG-PLA block copolymers were prepared by bulk polymerization. A series of nanoparticles were made from Me. PEG-PLA block copolymer by modified spontaneous emulsion-solvent evaporation technique.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe structure of copolymer was performed by means of 1HNMR and FT-IR. The morphological examination of nanoparticles was performed by means of atomic force microscope (AFM). Results indicated that nanoparticles exhibited a smooth spherulite and core-shell structure. The hydrophilic shell is consisted of PEG segments and hydrophobic core is consisted of PLA segments. Zeta potential of nanoparticles was zero and further indicated core-shell structure. The particle size and size distribution of nanoparticles were measured by laser light scattering technique. The effective particle size range was from 70 to 160 nm and showed a normal distribution.

Drug Carriers ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Emulsions ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Polyesters ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry

AIMInvestigations on reducing the toxicity of triptolide through poly(D, L-lactic acid) nanoparticles as a drug carrier by oral administration to Wistar rats.

METHODSTriptolide-loaded poly (D, L-lactic acid) nanoparticles (TP-PLA-NPs) were prepared by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion (modified-SESD). The shape of nanoparticles was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The size distribution and mean diameter were measured by laser light scattering technique. The entrapment efficiency and contents of drug loading were determined by RP-HPLC. The physical state of drug loaded in nanopartiles were primarily investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry. TP-PLA-NPs release behavior in vitro was carried out. After oral administration of the nanoparticles to Wistar rats in 15d, the toxicity for liver and kidney were studied by determining aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and blood urea nitrogen in serum and concentration of protein in urine.

RESULTSThe preparation process adapted to the formulation was as follows: the volume ratio of the aqueous and organic phases was 40/15; the surfactant concentration was 1%; the drug concentration was 0.3%; triptolide-PLA was 1:15 (w/w). The mean diameter was 149.7 nm and the polydispersity index was 0. 088 for the nanoparticles prepared by above conditions. The entrapment efficiency and content of drug loading were 74.27% and 1.36%, respectively. The release behavior of drug in vitro showed an initial burst effect, subsequently a slower rate stage. The results indicated that the liver toxicity (P < 0.01) and kidney toxicity (P < 0.05) caused by triptolide could be decreased significantly by nanoparticles carrier.

CONCLUSIONPLA-NPs might be used as a new oral carrier for triptolide.

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Diterpenes ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Epoxy Compounds ; Lactic Acid ; Male ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Phenanthrenes ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; Proteinuria ; urine ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tripterygium ; chemistry