The hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) results can reflect the average level of blood glucose over the past 2-3 months,its clinical application value is transforming from evaluation indicator to diagnosis indicator.The application of HbA1c as a diagnostic indicator of diabetes is limited by many factors,such as multi-factor influence on measurement and its late start on standardization process in our country,optimal cut-point and the defect of HbA1c existing in the molecular level,etc.Therefore,clarifying the limitations of HbA1c in the practical application is of great significance for its clinical application.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infection due to its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. In the host,glutathione(GSH) ,one of the most important intracellular antioxidants,provides protection against high levels of oxidative stress. A decrease in GSH levels in tissues infected with P. aeruginosa has been observed while interactions between pyocyanin and GSH maybe partially attribute to P. aeruginosa infection. In this review,the relationship between GSH and the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa has been discussed based on the author's own research results and the latest literature.

The respiratory burst of neutrophils is an important response in inflammation. The alterations in extracellular pH per se is not a sufficient trigger to the respiratory burst in neutrophils. While neutrophils in respose to conventional agonists, the respiratory burst in neutrophils is affected by the alterations in extracellular pH, and there is a direct relationship between intracellular and extracellular pH. O-? 2 production in neutrophils is decreased while H 2O 2 production is increased at acidic pH. O-? 2 release in neutrophils is enhanced at weak alkaline pH. Na+/H+ exchanger plays an important role in the regulation of the respiratory burst of neutrophils.

OBJECTIVE: To summary and analyze the bleeding causes after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP) with endotherm knife, and preventive measures will be given to effectively reduce postoperation hemorrhage. METHOD: Two hundred and twenty-six cases of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) adult patients, were carryed out UPPP under general anesthesia with endotherm knife to observe postoperation hemorrhage. RESULT: Eight cases out of 226 patients or 3.5% occurred postoperation hemorrhage, 2 cases after 1 or 2 days, 6 cases after 6 or 12 days. The postoperation hemorrhage stopped by local compression hemostasis or bi-polar coagulation hemostasis, and no more bleeding occurred. CONCLUSION The minimal trauma, quick operation and less-bleeding will be caused by UPPP with endotherm knife. Few patients 3.5% had a small amount of bleeding after operation, but no serious bleeding occured. Hemorrhage often happened during pseud mucosa falling off period. The bleeding was related with using skill of endotherm knife during operation, postoperation pse-ud mucosa falling off, local inflammation, improper eating and emotional stress of patients.
Adult ; Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Humans ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; instrumentation ; Palate ; surgery ; Pharynx ; surgery ; Postoperative Period ; Pressure ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; surgery ; Uvula ; surgery

Objective To detect the atherosclerotic progression in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene knock-out mouse by ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM) technique,and to monitor the intima media thickness (IMT) and changes in plague of aortic wall.Methods 10 male LDL-R gene knock-out mice of 16 weeks age and 10 LDL-R gene knock-out mice of 24 weeks age were in the experimental group,and 10 male C57BL/6 mice of 16 and 24 weeks age were in the control group.The shapes of their aortic roots,ascending aorta,aortic arch and CCA were detected by UBM,and the IMT at aortic root view and carotid artery bifurcation were measured,then the data were compared with histopathology of the corresponding vascular segments.Results The difference between the IMT of aortic root and carotid artery bifurcation of the 16 week old LDL-R mice and the control group of the same age had no statistical significance.The difference between the IMT of carotid artery bifurcation of the 24-week-old LDL R mice and the control group of the same age had no statistical significance.The IMT of aortic root thickened compared with control group of the same age(P ＜0.01).Conclusions The UBM technique can be used to detect the atherosclerotic progression in LDL-R gene knock-out mouse.

Objective To explore the relativity between the changes of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy(1H-MRS) in hippocampus and prefrontal lobe and syndrome differentiation of major depression.Methods Sixty patients with major depression(MD) were divided into Group A(phlegm-heat syndrome),Group B(blood stasis syndrome),Group C(deficient fire syndrome) and Group D(cold-dampness syndrome),and other 20 normal controls were selected.The neurochemical abnormalities including the ratios of N-acetylaspartate(NAA)/choline(Cho),NAA/creatine(Cr) and Cho/Cr were measured with three-dimension 1H proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy(3D1H-MRS).Results The ratios of Cho/Cr in white matter of the prefrontal lobe were significant higher in MD patients than that in normal controls(P<0.05);the ratios of NAA/Cr in hippocampus were significant higher in MD patients than that in normal controls(P<0.05).Conclusion There might be the relativity between the neurochemical abnormalities in hippocampus and prefrontal lobe and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation of major depression.

Body fat of 12 male adults were measured by water displacement me-thod(density method) at every morning for 5 successive days. The standard deviation of single observation was 0.29kg calculated by mean residual lung volume method. It was significantly lower than the value (0.5kg) calculated by the ordinary method (p

Objective To explore the correlation of E-cadherin(E-cad) mRNA expression with tumorigenesis and development of lung cancer.Methods The relative quantitative nested RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of E-cad mRNA in cancerous tissues,adjacent and distal tissues of tumor from 50 lung cancer patients,and non-cancerous benign lung tissues from 5 lung disorder patients.Results The means of expression rate of E-cad mRNA in cancerous tissue,adjacent and distal tissues of tumor,and non-cancerous tissues were 1.33?0.53,1.65?0.60,2.01?0.46 and 2.09?0.09 respectively.The data were evaluated by analysis of variance.There were significant difference among cancerous tissue,adjacent and distal tissue(F=18.810,P0.05).Also,there were no significant differences among squamous cell carcinoma,adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma in the group of cancerous,adjacent and distal tissue.Conclusion The reduced expression of E-cadherin mRNA may play important role for tumorigenesis and development of lung cancer,and there was no evident relationship of E-cad mRNA with different pathological types of lung cancer.

Objective Post-transcription RNA interference (RNAi) is more and more widely applied in multigene therapy.This study aimed to establish an subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor (SXT) model of human HT-29 colon carcinoma in nude mice and investigate the effects of the survivin shRNA-APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector on the growth of SXT.Methods Thirty-five nude mice were equally divided into five groups, double-gene survivin shRNA, survivin shRNA, APC, empty vector, and blank, and injected into the left anterior axillary with respective stably transfected cell lines and human HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, all at 2×106/mL, to establish an SXT model of human HT-29 colon carcinoma.The inhibition rate of tumor growth was calculated by measuring the size and weight of the SXT, the expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumor tissue detected by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively, and the apoptosis of the HT-29 colon carcinoma cells determined by TUNEL.Results The mean size and weight of the SXT were significantly reduced in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC, survivin shRNA, and APC groups as compared with the blank and empty vector groups (P<0.05), though increased in the survivin shRNA and APC groups in comparison with the double-gene group (P<0.05).The expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumor tissue were remarkably lower in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC, survivin shRNA, and APC groups than in the blank and empty vector groups (P<0.05), even lower in the double-gene group than in the survivin shRNA, and APC groups (P<0.05).The apoptosis rate of the HT-29 colon carcinoma cells was markedly up-regulated in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC ([56.72±3.17]%), survivin shRNA ([33.64±2.03]%), and APC groups ([31.19±1.79]%) as compared with the blank ([9.89±0.31]%) and empty vector groups ([10.06±0.43]%) (P<0.05), even more significantly in the double-gene than in the survivin shRNA and APC groups (P<0.05).Conclusion The survivin shRNA-APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector can reduce the expression level the survivin gene, promote the apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells, and suppress the growth of the subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor.

Communicable diseases are the major threats to the health and security of all the people living in Liberia, including UN peacekeepers from China. The most prevalent communicable diseases in Liberia include malaria, HIV/AIDS, acute respiratory infection, sexual transmitted disease, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, tuberculosis, cholera, pertussis, hepatitis, meningococcal disease, typhoid fever, Lassa fever and yellow fever. An insight into the profiles and epidemiology of the above epidemics in Liberia would greatly help peacekeepers with disease diagnosis and epidemic prevention. According to the profiles of epidemics in Liberia and the authors' experience in epidemic prevention in Liberia, the authors recommend that peacekeepers strengthen their epidemic prevention as follows. Firstly, a combined vector control strategy is suggested for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Secondly, water safety should be highlighted by water disinfection and regular water quality testing. Thirdly, vaccines, diagnostic reagents and medications should be accordingly outfitted. Then, the awareness of epidemic prevention and individual hygiene should be improved by education and strict management. Finally, the daily life management for peacekeepers is also very important. The epidemic overviews and strategies for epidemic prevention described in this paper are also useful for all the other peacekeepers deployed in Africa.