Body fat of 12 male adults were measured by water displacement me-thod(density method) at every morning for 5 successive days. The standard deviation of single observation was 0.29kg calculated by mean residual lung volume method. It was significantly lower than the value (0.5kg) calculated by the ordinary method (p

As a depot drug delivery system, injectable polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) sustained-release microspheres have been successfully used to treat many diseases since the first microsphere product Lupron depot was approved for marketing in the United States in 1989. It has the ability of long-term release in the body for several days to several months, which can not only reduce the times of administration, but also reduce the drug blood concentration fluctuations, significantly improve the safety and patient compliance. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) makes the development of microspheres more possible. It can describe the dynamic information of drug release in vivo through the in vitro release behavior of microspheres, and can reduce the workload of each stage and shorten the time span while characterizing the performance of microspheres. IVIVC can provide guidance or support for drug development, production changes, supervision and management. This article summarizes the release mechanism of injectable PLGA sustained-release microspheres, common measurement methods and theories of in vitro and in vivo release. And we also focus on the establishment and application of IVIVC, especially A level IVIVC in the field of microsphere preparations, to provide a reference for further study on in vitro-in vivo correlation of microspheres.

Three butylphthalide derivatives were isolated from the Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong using a series of isolation and purification approaches including macroporous resin, ODS-A column, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. These structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and NMR) and identified as (3Z,3aE)-(6R,7R,2'S)-6-hydroxy-7-(2-carboxyl-2-hydroxyethylthio)-3-(2-hydroxybutylidene)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-phthalide (1), (3Z,3aZ)-3-butylidene-6,7-dihydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-phthalide 7-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructo-furanoside (2) and 3-(3-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-butylidene)-7-hydroxy-phthalide (3).

According to the principle of evidence-based medicine (EBM), Chinese medical literatures based descriptive statistical analysis of common Chinese medical syndrome types were performed. By data extraction, standardization, and frequency calculation of disease names and syndrome types from 286 literatures in line with the inclusion criteria, the frequencies of diseases and syndromes were obtained to analyze common syndrome types in clinical practice, to analyze the distribution features of disease related syndromes and syndrome related diseases, to analyze the distribution of basic Chinese medical syndrome types in clinical common diseases as a whole, thus providing reference for clinical and basic researches.
Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

OBJECTIVETo measure the diameter of T4 pedicle-rib compomers in normal human spines and discuss the importance of related dates.

METHODST4 computerized tomography (CT) images,including two-dimensional,three-dimensional reconstruction, of 12 random adult patients were harvested. There were 7 males and 5 females with a mean age of 23 years (ranged, 19 to 28 years). The patients were divided into groups by self control,which means the diameter of pedicle compared with that of pedicle-rib unit in the same side of each T4. The facility was GE light speed 16. Measurement of the body specimens from T3 to T5 . The parameter included the width of pedicle-rib unit compared with pedicle,the longitudinal diameter of pedicle-rib unit compared with pedicle, especially for the pedicle-rib overlap.

RESULTSThe relationship of T4 pedicle and rib were not on the same level but overlapping. The width of pedicle-rib unit was significantly larger than that of pedicle (P<0.05). The longitudinal diameters of pedicle-rib unit or pedicle were significantly larger than those of pedicle-rib overlap (P<0.05); while there was no significantly difference between the pedicle-rib unit and pedicle (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe overlapping relationship of T4 pedicle and rib is partly but not whole, which means the longitudinal diameter of T4 pedicle-rib overlap should not be considered as the same of unit or pedicle.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Ribs ; anatomy & histology ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; anatomy & histology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

Adult ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic ; Lymphoma ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; Th1 Cells ; Th2 Cells

Objective:To explore the miRNA (micro RNA)differential expression profile between primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues and normal fat tissues,and to provide the evidence that miRNA were involved in the molecular pathways of primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues' occurrence.Methods:Collecting retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues and normal fat tissues from 4 patients after radical surgery of retroperitoneal lipsarcoma.Using microarray analysis.The tissues' miRNA hybridizated with human's LC Sciences microRNA Microarray-Single (miRBase 21.0) expression profile gene chips,and got the date.Analyzing the differential expressing of the siginal date by LOWESS.Results:Total 38 differential expressed miRNA were found (P＜0.05),including 23 over-expression and 15 low-expression miRNAs.10 of them(38 differential miRNAs) was significant deviation (P＜0.01),including 4 over-expression and 6 low-expression.Date analysis revealed that some miRNAs were associated some different tumors,Conclusion:The number of over-expression were more than the low-expression in primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma compared with the normol fat tissue,which indicate that the genes expression are less abundant in primary retroperitoneal li-posarcoma;some of the miRNAs might involved in the molecular pa-thways of primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues' occurrence and recurrence,they might become the target point of the targetedtherapy of the primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma,some of the over-expressed miRNAs can become new biomarkers in the following diagnosis of the primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

OBJECTIVETo detect the changes in intestinal mucosal permeation in rats with methotrexate-induced small intestinal damage and investigate the protective effects of Changyanqing decoction.

METHODSRat enteritis model was established by methotrexate (MTX) and sodium chloride. The rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group and Changyanqing decoction group, and Changyanqing decoction (100 mg/kg) or saline was administered daily in the corresponding groups by gastric irrigation for 6 days. The disease activity index (DAI), colonic mucosal damage index (CMDI) and histological score (HS) of the rats were observed and evaluated. The levels of mRNA expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of IL-10 was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and IkappaB expression was determined with Western blotting.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group, the model group showed significantly increased DAI, CMDI and HS. The DAI, CMDI, and HS in rats treated with Changyanqing decoction were significantly decreased in comparison with those in the model group (P<0.01). The expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were significantly higher in MTX-treated group than in the control group. The expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA in the Changyanqing group and NAC group were significantly lower, but IL-10 significantly higher than those of the MTX group. In MTX group, obvious NF-kappaB activation was observed, whose expression was significantly stronger in the cell nuclei, and the IkappaB in the cytoplasm was markedly degraded.

CONCLUSIONChangyanqing decoction offers protection on intestinal mucosa by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation to reduce TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA expressions and increase IL-10 expression.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Intestine, Small ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; NF-kappa B ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of ClpE on the protein expression profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

METHODSclpE-deficient Streptococcus pneumoniae strain was constructed by long flanking homology-polymerase chain reaction (LFH-PCR) and identified by PCR and sequencing. The total bacterial proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and imaging analysis, and the differentially expressed protein spots were excised by dot-gel digestion with trypsin. Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) was obtained by analysis of the fragment length by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The PMF was analyzed using software to identify the proteins.

RESULTSThe number of matched protein spots of the two gels was 61%. By sequence database searching, 4 out of the 17 differential protein spots were identified, namely hypoxanthine-guanine, pyrrolidone-carboxylate peptidase1, formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase, and bifunctional protein pyrR.

CONCLUSIONclpE gene-deficient Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses fewer kinds of proteins at also lower levels than the wild-type bacteria, suggesting that ClpE allows the bacteria to adapt to different host environments by inducing the expression of special proteins.

Adenosine Triphosphatases ; deficiency ; genetics ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; deficiency ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; genetics ; growth & development ; physiology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurilemmoma ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Radiosurgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Trigeminal Nerve Diseases ; diagnosis ; surgery