This study analyzed the genetic evolution of neuraminidases (NAs) of influenza A subtype N9 viruses with the aim of determining the genetic origin of the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus. The NA sequences of influenza A subtype N9 viruses available from NCBI were used to construct a phylogenetic tree using the programs ClustalX 2.0 and MEGA 6.0. This analysis indicated that the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus is located in the modern Eurasian phylogenetic cluster. This cluster was then further analyzed by estimating the overall rate of evolutionary change and the selective pressure at the nucleotide level using the program BEAST 2.1.2 and the web interface Datamonkey, and by generating an amino acid sequence entropy plot using Bioedit software. In this cluster, the mean rate of nucleotide substitutions in NA was found to be 3.8354 x 10(-3) and the mean ratio of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions per site (dN/dS) was 0.140413. A particularly high level of amino acid mutation entropy was identified at nucleotides 16, 19, 40, 53, 81, 84, 112, 256, 335, 359, and 401. This genetic evolution analysis suggests that the nucleotide substitutions that characterize the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus neuraminidase are likely to result from the overall genetic evolution of influenza A subtype N9 virus NAs, and not from selective stress. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the influenza A virus (A/duck/Siberia/700/1996(H11N9)) isolated in 1996 appears to be the common ancestor of the more recent influenza A subtype N9 viruses NAs.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Birds ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; chemistry ; enzymology ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase ; chemistry ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Objective: To investigate the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and their clinical significance. Methods: Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expressions of PCNA and EMMPRIN in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and the normal esophageal epithelial tissues. The correlations of the clinicopathological variables with the expressions of PCNA and EMMPRIN were evaluated. Results: The expression rates of PCNA proteins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and the normal esophageal epithelial tissues were 61.25% and 57.5%, respectively, which were both significantly higher than those of EMMPRIN proteins in the corresponding tissues (23.75% and 25.0%, respectively) (P=0.000). The expressions of PCNA and EMMPRIN were significantly associated with the infiltration degree of tumor, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and the degree of cell differentiation ( P<0.05). Higher expression levels of PCNA and EMMPRIN indicated poorer prognosis. Conclusion: The expressions of PCNA and EMMPRIN proteins are closely associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PCNA and EMMPRIN may play an important role in the pathogenesis, progression and lymphatic metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND:To explore the methods for secondary limb revascularization after endovascular repair is one of the most urgent research topics.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biological mechanism about the transplantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cel s to lead and perfect the effect of ischemic tissue for secondary revascularization.
METHODS:Forty-two patients with critical low limb ischemia were selected and treated with endovascular repair as first revascularization and transplantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cel s as secondary revascularization. The secondary revascularization was carried out at 3 months after the first blood flow remodeling. The patients receiving secondary revascularization were fol owed for 4 years.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After transplantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cel s, the patients complained that the rest pain of the lower leg was relieved obviously and intermittent claudication distance was significantly lengthened. Limb salvage rate was 100%. Skin temperature index was 1.6±0.3, transcutaneous oxygen pressure was (5.00±1.26) kPa, ankle-brachium index was 0.9±0.2, photoplethysmograpy index was 0.8±0.1, saturation of blood oxygen was (79.4±20.4)%, and digital subtraction angiography score was (1.3±0.2)
points. After transplantation, local blood flow indicators of the low limbs were positively correlated to local symptom indicators of the limbs (0.6

Objective To study the effect of rapamycin on the balance of T helper cell subsets in rats with pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and rapamycin group, with 5 rats in each group. Pulmonary fibrosis model was reproduced by using the method of intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). Control group was treated by intratracheal instillation of saline (1.25 mL/kg) to obtain the negative control. The rats of the rapamycin group were given rapamycin (1 mg·kg-1·d-1) by gastric perfusion for consecutive 10 days beginning on the 3rd day after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. On the 28th day all rats were sacrificed, and the peripheral blood and the lung tissues were harvested. The lung tissue was observed. And the severity of pulmonary fibrosis in rats was assessed by Ashcroft score. The lung tissues were performed using immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression ofγ-interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukins (IL-4, IL-17). Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Results The severity of pulmonary fibrosis was improved in rats of rapamycin group compared with that of model group, and the Ashcroft score was decreased (2.92±0.64 vs. 5.76±1.76, F = 16.276, P = 0.080). The expression levels of IL-4 and IL-17 (A value) in model group were the highest (4 789.0±1 014.6, 19 139.0±2 433.3), followed by those of the rapamycin group (3 547.0±953.8, 10 380.0±2 352.4), and the least was found in the control group (1 627.0±914.8, 4 419.0±923.6). The expression levels of IFN-γ (A value) in control group were the highest (9 956.0±1 172.6), followed by those of the rapamycin group (7 487.0±998.4), and the least was found in the model group (6 054.0±1 045.2). There were significantly differences in above parameters among three groups (all P<0.01). Compared with the control group and model group, the percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in CD4+CD25+, CD4+cells, and lymphocytes were significantly increased in rapamycin group [(57.36±8.84)% vs. (41.28±5.91)%, (34.52±4.56)%; (4.77±0.48)% vs. (3.15±0.37)%, (3.14±0.28)%;(1.97±0.22)%vs. (1.24±0.17)%, (1.44±0.21)%, all P<0.05], and the percentages of CD8+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in CD8+CD25+, CD8+cells, and lymphocytes were also significantly increased in rapamycin group [(73.92±7.69)% vs. (33.44±4.46)%, (49.14±11.38)%; (1.73±1.05)% vs. (0.46±0.15)%, (0.71±0.42)%;(0.31±0.20)% vs. (0.09±0.04)%, (0.14±0.09)%, all P < 0.05]. The percentage of CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in CD8+CD25+in model group was significantly higher than that in control group [(49.14±11.38)% vs. (33.44±4.46)%, P < 0.05]. Conclusions T helper cell subsets are imbalanced in pulmonary fibrosis rats. Rapamycin can prevent bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and its antifibrotic effect maybe the promotion of proliferation and function of regulatory T cells and imbalance regulation of T helper cell subsets.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of transcranial magnetic stimulation motor evoked potentials (TMS-MEP) of rectus abdominis in the diagnosis of thoracic spinal cord injury. Methods The innervation of rectus abdominis and dermatomal distribution were studied in 5 adult cadavers. MEP of bilateral rectus abdominis in different segments was measured and recorded in 25 normal subjects for reference and in 23 patients with T4-T12 spinal cord injury. Results The anatomic study showed that rectus abdominis was innervated by 7 pairs of intercostal nerve from T6 to T12, useful to determine the MEP recording points in the body surface. In all normal subjects, T6-T12 MEP of bilateral rectus abdominis were recorded successfully and the referential range of normal MEP was established. The MEP peak latencies of each level were significantly different each with other. Among 23 patients suffering from thoracic spinal cord injury, 12 cases with complete paralysis had no MEP record below the injured level and no neurological recovery during the follow-up; while in 11 cases with incomplete paralysis, abnormal MEP were recorded in all but one with T4 fracture, the MEP of this patient disappeared below T6. The change of MEP of rectus abdominis was consistent with the level of fracture except in 1 case. During follow-up, 9 cases with incomplete paralysis patients showed recovery to different extent. Conclusion According to neuroanatomy, segmental MEP of rectus abdominis can be evoked and recorded in all normal subjects. The MEP peak latencies are significantly different in each level. MEP of rectus abdominis is proved to have the localizing and characteristic diagnostic value in the evaluation of the thoracic spinal cord injury.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of clindamycin injection on respiratory tract infections. 　Methods:Clindamycin injection was used in 50 respiratary tract infections patients aged over 18 years by intravenous drip with a dosage of 1.2 g once a day for a consecutive of 10 days. The symptoms and signs of the patients were observed, and the laboratory tests made.　Results: The numbers of patients who were cured, remarkably improved, improved and without any improvement were 25, 19, 5 and 1, respectively. The total effectiveness rate was 98.0%.　Conclusion: Clindamycin injection is significantly effective for treating the mild to moderate respiratory tract infections, especially for those caused by haemolytic streptococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae and lamellar bacillus. It has very little and mild side effects and is suitable for those allergic to penicillin.

Apelin is a polypeptide consisting of 77 amino acids. Apelin receptors are found to be the angiotensin-like G protein coupled receptor (APJ). Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of Apelin, which has strong biological activity. This study reviewed the new research prog?ress of Apelin-13 on physiological and pathological processes involved in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, ner?vous system, digestive system and endocrine system.

Objective To explore the relationship between Sirt1 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( rs2236319 ) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) susceptibility. Methods The subjects included 149 patients with stable COPD in the First People′s Hospital of Jining outpatient or ward from March 2014 to March 2015, and 160 cases of the same period health check. Sirt1?rs 2236319 genotype distribution frequency was detected by real?time PCR,and the levels of inflammatory factors were compared,including IL?6 and CRP. Results The AA,AG,GG genotype frequency of COPD group were 59. 1%( 88/149) ,35. 6%( 53/149),5. 4%(8/149) respectively,of control group were 45. 0%(72/160),48. 8%(78/160),6. 3%(10/160) respectively,the allele A,G frequency of COPD group were 76. 8%(229/298),23. 2%(69/298) respectively,of control group were 69. 4%( 222/320 ) , 30. 6%( 98/320 ) respectively, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups(χ2=6. 23,6. 06,P<0. 05) . IL?6 and CRP levels were significantly increased in COPD group carrying AA genotype as compared to COPD group carrying AG+GG genotype((10. 30±0. 40) mmol/L,(10. 16±0. 36) mmol/L;(2. 56±0. 20) mg/L,(2. 46±0. 22) mg/L;F=4. 52,8. 04,P<0. 05);There were no significant differences in terms of IL?6 and CRP levels in control group carrying AA genotype as compared to control group carrying AG+GG genotype ( P>0. 05 ) . Both the level of IL?6 and CRP were significantly increased in COPD group carrying AA genotype and AG+GG carriers compared to controls((10. 30 ± 0. 40 ) , ( 9. 88 ± 0. 56 ) mmol/L, ( 10. 16 ± 0. 36 ) , ( 9. 86 ± 0. 57 ) mmol/L;( 2. 56 ± 0. 20 ) , ( 2. 28±0. 25) mg/L,(2. 46±0. 22),(2. 26±0. 26) mg/L;F=34. 52,11. 09,73. 06,19. 38;P<0. 01). Conclusion The polymorphisms of Sirt1?rs2236319 may be an additional risk factor for COPD and associate with inflammatory factors. Furthermore the involvement of rs2236319 in the initiation and progression of COPD may relate to inflammatory processes.

Objective To analyze the relationship of the total length of coronary stent and patients’postoperative quality of life. Methods A number of 280 patients who were diagnosed as coronary artery by coronary angiography and successfully completed PCI surgery in our hospital from April 2012 to March 2013 were retrospectively collected.And they were divided into 3 groups according to the total length of the coronary stent,namely:group Ⅰ (68 cases,length of the coronary stent were less than 36 mm),group Ⅱ (156 cases,length of the coronary stent were 36 ~72 mm),and group Ⅲ (56 cases,length of the coronary stent were more than 72 mm).The prognosis and quality of life of patients of the 3 groups were compared.Results There was no significant difference in terms of in-stent restenosis,angina recurrence and target vessel revascularization rates among the 3 groups within 6 months after PCI surgery (P >0.05).But the incidence rate of adverse cardiac events of the 3 groups were significant different,and group Ⅲ were significantly higher than group Ⅱ,group Ⅱwas significantly high-er than in group Ⅰ (P <0.05).It was significant different in terms of the total length of coronary stent aomng the 3 groups (P <0.01).But there was no statistically significant difference in patients’quality of life among the 3 groups (P >0.05).Conclusion Although the total length of coronary stent and patients’postoperative quality of life were of no correlation,it is still recommend to make assessment of vascular lesions carefully before surgery.For patients with stable disease,it is recommend to take conservative medication treatment.Make stent implan-tation only when it’s necessary and the length of coronary stent should be strictly controlled so as to reduce the incidence of adverse cardiac events.