Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine on the renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats and the underlying mechanism. Methods Twenty-four male Wistur rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6 each): sham operation group (group S), IR group, ketumine 2 mg/kg group (group K_1), ketamine 10 mg/kg group (group K_2). The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg. Renal ischemia was induced by clamping the left renal artery for 45 min followed by 6 h of repednsion using an atraumatic clamp. In group K_1 and K_2, ketaminc 2 and 10 mg/kg were injected via the caudal vein 5 min before the repedusion respectively. The rats were killed at 6 h of reperfusion, and blood samples were collected from the right auricle for measurement of serum creatiniue (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. Pathological changes in renal tissues were observed with light and electron microscopes. The expression of Fas and Caspsse-3 in the renal tubular epithelial cell was determined by immuno-histochemistry. The apeptosis in the renal tubular epithelial cell was detected by TUNEL assay. Apeptotic index (AI) was calculated. Results Compared with group S, the levels of serum Cr and BUN, expression of Fas and Caspase-3 and AI were significantly increased in group IR, K_1 and K_2 (P < 0.01). The levels of serum Cr and BUN, expression of Fas and Caspase-3 and AI were significantly lower in group K_(1,2) than in group IR and in group K2 than in group K_1 (P<0.01). The microscopic examination showed that the renal IR injury was obviously attenuated in group K_2 compared with group K_1. Conclusion Ketamine can attenuate the renal injury induced by IR in a dose-dependent manner in rats. The underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis in the renal tubular epithelial cell.

Objective To investignte the effects of ambroxol on lung injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Thirty-six ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ children of both sexes aged≤8 yr,weighing≤25 kg undergoing repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD) under CPB were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12 each):I control group (C);II low dose ambroxol group (2.25 mg/kg) (A,) and III moderate dose ambroxol group (4.50 mg/kg) (A2).Ambrexol was diluted with normal saline 10 ml and infused slowly after skin incision in group A1 and A2.In group C equal volume of normal saline(10 ml) was infused instead of ambroxol.Blood samples were taken from radial artery before skin incision,at 20 rain of CPB,20 rain after aortic unclamping,2 h and 6 h after temtination of CPB and 12 h after operation for determination of plasma MDA concentration and SOD activity and blood gas analysis.Respiratory index (RI) and pulmonary compliance (CL)were calculated.Results The plasma MDA concentration and RI were significantly lower while plasma SOD activity was significantly higher in group A2 than in group C and A1·CL was significantly higher in group A2 than in group C.Conclusion Ambroxol 4.50 mg/kg can attenuate lung injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB by decreasing lipid peroxidation.

Science Spirti play a important role in promoting moral standardization and the comcept development.The implication of science to seek truth,rational,criticize and suspicion,freedomand creating,which possesses important significance to cllture value sense of professional ethics of physicians to save life by loveheart,uphold truth,dedceating ond self to medical cause,and to promote sociatist medical moral progress.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss clinical efficacy and safety of leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis. METH-ODS:66 endometriosis patients were divided into observation group(37 cases)and control group(29 cases)according to random number table method. Observation group was treated with Leuprolide acetate microsphere for injection,3.75 mg/time,on the upper arm,abdomen or buttocks since the first-fifth day of menstrual cycle(administration time was available at hysterectomized patients disposal),and then every 4 weeks;one administration was recognized as a treatment course. Control group was treated with Ethi-nyl estradiol cyproterone tablet orally,1 tablets per day for 3 weeks,one week drug withdrawal,as a treatment course. 2 groups were given 3-5 courses of treatment according to their tolerance or the improvement of clinical symptoms. The improvement of clini-cal symptoms were compared between 2 groups,and the levels of FSH,LH and E2 were compared before and after treatment;the occurrence of ADR and the time of the return of menses were recorded. RESULTS:2 patients in observation group and 1 patient in control group withdrew from the test. After treatment,total effective rate was 97.14% in observation group,which was significant-ly higher than 75.00% in control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). Before treatment,there was no statistical signifi-cance in the levels of FSH,LH and E2 between 2 groups (P>0.05). After treatment,the levels of FSH,LH and E2 were de-creased significantly,and the observation group was more significant than the control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). Total incidence of ADR was 20.00% in observation group,compared to control group (21.42%),there was no statistical significance (P>0.05). The time of the return of menses in observation group was (89.75 ± 3.34) d after drug withdrawal,com-pared to control group [(88.46±2.94)d],there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Leuprolide acetate can effectively improve clinical symptoms of patients with endometriosis,and reduce the levels of FSH,LH and E2 with slight ADR, and it doesn’t influence the time of the return of menses.

The effects of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway activation on S-type neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines and its role in NB tumorigenesis were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Shh pathway components-Patched1 (PTCH1) and Gli1 in 40 human primary NB samples. Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to examine the protein expression and mRNA levels of PTCH1 and Gli1 in three kinds of S-type NB cell lines (SK-N-AS, SK-N-SH and SHEP1), respectively. Exogenous Shh was administrated to activate Shh signaling pathway while cyclopamine was used as a selective antagonist of Shh pathway. S-type NB cell lines were treated with different concentrations of Shh or/and cyclopamine for different durations. Cell viability was measured by using MTT method. Apoptosis rate and cell cycle were assayed by flow cytometry. The xenograft experiments were used to evaluate the role of Shh pathway in tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. High-level expression of PTCH1 and Gli1 was detected in both NB samples and S-type NB cell lines. Cyclopamine decreased the survival rate of the three cell lines while Shh increased it, and the inhibition effects of cyclopamine could be partially reversed by shh pre-treatment. Cyclopamine induced the cell apoptosis and the cell cycle arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase, while Shh induced the reverse effects and could partially prevent effects of cyclopamine. Cyclopamine could also inhibit the growth of NB in vivo. Our studies revealed that activation of the Shh pathway is important for survival and proliferation of S-type NB cells in vivo and in vitro through affecting cell apoptosis and cell cycle, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to NB.

A novel molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was prepared based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by using chlorogenic acid as template, methacrylic acid(MAA) as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the composite structure and morphology, the results showed that a stable imprinted layer was grafted on the MWNTs with the average thickness of 30-40 nm. The dynamic adsorption and static adsorption experiments were also executed and the results showed that two kinds binding sites with the maximum apparent binding constant 21.5 μmol/g and 32.7 μmol/g existed v.i. between the imprinted polymers and chlorogenic acid. As solid phase extraction (SPE) materials, the separation and enrichment of chlorogenic acid from honeysuckle were successful with a enrichment factor of 25.

Objective To establish a dose-effect curve of premature condensation chromosome ring (PCC-R)in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood after exposed to high doses of Y-rays. Methods Peripheral blood samples was drawn from three healthy individuals, and exposed to 60Co γ-rays with doses between 0 and 30 Gy. The frequencies of PCC-R in premature condensation chromosome (PCC) cells obtained by Okadaic acid (OA) induction were calculated, and a dose-effect curve was fitted. Results PCC index tapered with dose. Frequencies of PCC-R per cell increased until 20 Gy, and then saturation was observed. The results were fitted to a lineal model up to 20 Gy: y = - 0.020 + 0.052D ,where y was the frequencies of PCC-R per cell, D was the radiation dose (Gy). Conclusins The highest dose could be estimated is 20 Gy by the dose-effect curve established with PCC-R method. Its utility and validity will be verified in the future application of radiation accident.

Objective To investigate the value of cytokinesis-block micronuclei(CBMN)assay in estimation of the biological doses of the victims of radiation accident.Methods Samples of peripheral blood were collected from the 5 victims(Subjects 1-5)at 16 h after the radiation accident of Taiyuan,Shanxi Province.And the peripheral blood samples and bone marrow sample were collected from the victim No.1 at 23 and 24 h after the radiation.Eight days after the accident Subject 1 underwent allogeneic peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.At difierent time points in the period of 1 year after the accident.peripheral blood samples were collected from these 5 victims.CBMN assay was conducted on the peripheral blood lymphocytes on the samples,and the biological doses were estimated based on the micronuclei(MN)frequencies.The nuclear division index(NDI)obtained from in vitro irradiation experiment using high dose of 60Coγ-rays was used to estimate the exposed doses for Subject 1. Dynamic arialysis of the MN frequency for the 5 victims was performed in the period of 1 year after the accident.Results The MN frequency of Subject 1 surpassed the value corresponding to the upper limit of the MN dose.effective curve.The dose range estimated bv the combination of the CBMN and NDI (CBMN+NDl)assay was 10-20 Gy for Subject 1.The doses estimated by MN frequency for Subjects 2,3,4,and 5 were 3.6,2.9,2.3,and 2.9 Gy,respectively.The estimated doses were in accordance with those estimated by physicat method.chromosome aberration analysis.and clinical symptoms.Prominent decrease of the MN frequency was observed at 26 d after the accident(18 d after the transplantation)for Subject 1(u=3.295,P<0.05).Gradual decrease of MN frequency was observed after the accident for Subjects 2,3,4,and 5.The MN frequencies 1 month after the accident of Subjects 3,4,and 5 were all significantly lower than those 16 h later(u=6.874,4.526,and 7.811,P<0.05).Conclusions Quick and accurate.CBMN assay reinforces and verifies the result of chromosome aberration analysis.The new index CBMN+NDI assay is of reference valne for estimating higher dose of irradiation.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal lactate for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in patients post-neurosurgical operation (PNBM) with blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods A prospective observational study was conducted. 101 patients underwent neurosurgical operation and clinically suspected PNBM admitted to neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from October 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled. Based on red blood cell quantitative test in CSF, the patients were divided into blood-contaminated and non blood-contaminated CSF groups. According to the PNBM diagnostic criteria of 2008 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC/NHSN), all patients were divided into PNBM group and non-PNBM group. The biochemical indexes levels in CSF were compared among the groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic power of CSF lactate for PNBM in blood-contaminated patients.Results A total of 101 suspected PNBM patients were enrolled. In 77 blood-contaminated CSF patients, 39 patients were diagnosed as PNBM (account for 50.6%); in 24 non-blood-contaminated patients, 12 patients were diagnosed as PNBM (account for 50.0%). ① In non-PNBM patients, the lactate level in blood-contaminated CSF was significantly higher than that of non-blood-contaminated CSF (mmol/L: 3.5±1.3 vs. 2.3±1.1,P < 0.01). In PNBM patients, there was no significant difference in lactate level between blood-contaminated CSF and non blood-contaminated CSF (mmol/L: 6.8±2.1 vs. 6.9±2.5,P > 0.05). ② In both blood-contaminated and non blood-contaminated CSF, white blood cell (WBC), protein and lactate levels in PNBM group were significantly higher than those in non-PNBM group [WBC (×106/L): 660.0 (67.5, 1105.0) vs. 41.0 (15.0, 142.5) in blood-contaminated CSF,168.0 (86.5, 269.5) vs. 34.5 (7.0, 83.5) in non-blood-contaminated CSF; protein (mg/L): 4757.8 (2995.2, 10219.8) vs. 1292.8 (924.2, 1936.2) in blood-contaminated CSF, 39247.3 (14900.6, 62552.2) vs. 1441.6 (977.3, 2963.9) in non blood-contaminated CSF; lactate (mmol/L): 6.8±2.1 vs. 3.5±1.3 in blood-contaminated CSF, 6.9±2.5 vs. 2.3±1.1 in non blood-contaminated CSF, allP < 0.05], and glucose and CSF glucose/blood glucose ratio in PNBM group were significantly lower than those in non-PNBM group [glucose (mmol/L): 2.5±1.2 vs. 4.4±1.6 in blood-contaminated CSF, 1.9±1.4 vs. 3.4±0.9 in non blood-contaminated CSF; CSF glucose/blood glucose ratio: 0.28±0.15 vs. 0.46±0.16 in blood-contaminated CSF, 0.24±0.16 vs. 0.45±0.11 in non blood-contaminated CSF, allP < 0.01]. ③ It was shown by ROC curve analysis that CSF lactate level was a good diagnostic parameter for PNBM both in blood-contaminated and non blood-contaminated CSF, and the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. When the cutoff value of lactate in non blood-contaminated CSF was 3.35 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 91.7%. When the cutoff value of lactate in blood-contaminated CSF was 4.15 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 92.3%, and the specificity was 71.1%, and the combination of CSF lactate and glucose achieved better diagnostic specificity (AUC = 0.96, sensitivity was 97.4%, specificity was 84.2%).Conclusions Blood in CSF led to the elevation of CSF lactate as compared with that in non-blood-contaminated CSF of patients with PNBM. CSF lactate was still a good diagnostic parameter for PNBM both in blood-contaminated patients, and the combination of CSF lactate and glucose achieved better diagnostic specificity.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between social support and depression of only-child-lost (OCL) people,and the mediation role of self-efficacy in this relationship.Methods:By stratified cluster sampling,214 OCL people were enrolled,with 80 males and 134 females,ages from 49 to 83 years old.They were assessed by General Self-Efficacy Scale,Social Support Rating Scale,and Self-rating Depression Scale.Results:Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in age groups (t=2.85,P＜0.05),with or without spouse (t=5.62,P＜0.05),family location (t=3.95,P＜0.05),per capita monthly income (F=3.48,P＜0.05) among the social support scores.There was significant difference between the per capita monthly income and self-efficacy scores in QCL people (F=5.46,P＜0.05).Correlation analysis showed self-efficacy and social support were positively correlated (r=0.26,P＜0.01).Self-efficacy (r=-0.59,P＜0.01) and social support (r=-0.59,P＜0.01) negatively correlated with depression in OCL people.Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between social support and depression.Conclusion:The person who is ＜60 years old,with spouse and the high per capita monthly income,and lives the rural area,would have high social support levels among QCL people.The person who has high per capita monthly income would have high self-efficacy.Self-efficacy is one of the direct prediction for depression,and plays an indirect role between social support and depression.Intervention of depression among OCL people could be applied to change their cognition,and to enhance their self-efficacy.