BACKGROUND: Biliary complications are a common cause of death in patients after liver transplantation, biliary endoscopic minimally invasive technique is gradually becoming an important tool to solve biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literatures on the biliary tract complications after liver transplantation, and to demonstrate a clear role of bile duct endoscopy in biliary complications.METHODS: Using "orthotopic liver transplantation, biliary complications, biliary tract, endoscope technique" in English for the search term, Pubmed database were searched between January 1980 and October 2008; Using "liver transplantation, biliary complications, bile duct cast, cholangioscopy" in Chinese for the search term, Vip Chinese Periodical Database and CNKI database were searched between 1994 and January 2009. Literature language was limited to English and Chinese. The studies related to bile duct injury-caused biliary complications after liver transplantation were included, while other research unrelated to biliary complications after liver transplantation were excluded.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 52 literatures were screened out by the primary computer inspection, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 ones were involved for analysis. Biliary complications and vascular complications are considered as a common cause of death in patients after liver transplantation, particularly in biliary complications has become the major reason limiting the development of liver transplantation. Because of the difficulties on early recognition and treatment, the importance of the treatment for the complications in liver transplant patients is increasingly attracting more and more attention. Endoscopic operation technology and their subsidiary parts are improving, particularly therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and biliary mirror technology are developing and continuously improving, biliary endoscopic minimally invasive technique is gradually becoming a major approach to solve biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation, The minimally invasive endoscopic diagnosis and treatment is an intuitive, reliable and credible means for the biliary complications after liver transplantation, serving as the most preferred method for diagnosing and treating biliary complications after liver transplantation.

Objective To screen polymorphisms and mutations in the promoter region of WD gene.Methods DNA from peripheral blood was obtained from 71 subjects of 36 family (48 WD patients,23 patients first-degree relatives) and 20 healthy people from Feb.2001 to Feb.2004.DNA sequence of the genes was analyzed by PCR amplification and direct genomic sequencing.Results There were three polymorphisms at positions-190,-78,+260(transcription start site as +1) of the promoter region of WD gene.Normal controls,WD patients and patients’ first-degree relatives all showed the polymorphisms;three of 48 WD patients presented C→T base substitution mutations at the same position -183:two were homozygous mutation,while the other was heterozygous.Normal control subjects and patients' relatives didn’t show this kind of mutation.Conclusion It suggests that the mutation of the promoter region is one of WD pathogenesis.

Objective 　To study the sequence and structure of intron 8 in WD gene in order to further understand the relationship between intron 8 and WD. Methods　We utilized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the amplification of exon 8-intron 8-exon 9 which were then sequenced by a dideoxy chain termination methon in 10 normal controls and 32 members of 11 families(20 WD patients and 10 of their relative). The results were analyzed by the computer. Results　The sequence of intron 8 was 703 bp with the G　+　C content of 42.7%. There were one short tandom repeats, 7 direct and inverted repeats in it. An open reading frame coded with 82aa was found at 323 base pairs of downstream of a TATAbox. There were two DNA polymorphisms at 408 and 487 nucleotides. The sequence analysis showed that the 5end has the sequence of 5-GTAAC, 3end has the sequence of CCTAG-3, and branchpoint of 5-TTTCGA-3.Conclusions　The sequences and structures of intron 8 in WD familiess members are not different from normal controls. Our data suggest that the WD gene intron 8 might not play an important role in the pathogenesis of WD.

Objective To study genotyping and molecular epidemiology distribution of GBS pathogenic strains of GBS positive pregnant women in Guangzhou,for GBS pathogenic strains of rapid molecular diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance pro-vide certain theoretical basis and method.Methods In the Guangzhou area,used multi stage stratified sampling method col-lecting GBS positive pregnant women’s reproductive tract specimens from January to December 2015,drug sensitivity quality control standard strains:Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC49619)and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923),took culture of bacterial,strain,identification,DNA extraction,PCR,gene detection method,through the relevant software for data analy-sis,analyzed GBS strains of gene and molecular epidemiology.Results In the study,collected 2 812 samples of secretions,af-ter identification of strains isolated from 178 strains of pathogenic GBS strains,the detection rate was 6.33%.GBS patho-genic strains to linezolid vancomycin,penicillin,nitrfurantion and other antimicrobial drug resistance rate was 0,GBS parho-genic strains to ampicillin,ciprfloxacin moxifloxacin and levofloxacintesistant parts,the restance rates were 1.1%,16.9%, 18.0% and 22.5%,but GBS pathogenic strains to erythromycin,clindamycin tetracydine antibiotics showed a high resistance rate,the resistance rates were 50.6%,47.8%(of which 20 cases of erythromycin induced clindamycin resistance accouted for 23.5%)and 73.0%.Among them,65 strains of GBS detected the mreA gene,56 strains of GBS detected the ermB gene,36 strains of GBS detected the mefA gene,28 strains of GBS detected the mefE gene,5 strains of GBS detected the ermA gene, ermC gene was not detected in the gene.Among them,carried five multidrug resistance gene of 3 strains (1.6 9%)and 4 kinds of resistant gene carried with 15 strains (8.43%),carried three resistance genes of 19 strains (10.67%),2 kinds of resistant gene carrying a 25 strains (14.04%),carried the resistance gene of 5 strains (2.81%),did not carry resistance gene of 1 strain (0.56%).The nucleotide sequences of the five drug resistance genes were 100%,and no gene mutation oc-curred.Conclusion The main GBS disease resistant gene was mreA,ermA,ermB,mrfA,mefE and its nucleotide sequence homology was 100%.The clinical need to strengthen the detection of resistant gene and molecular level and guide clinical more scientific and rational drug use.

ObjectiveTo explore the diagnostic and predictive value of troponin Ⅰ,lactic acid and hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) in viral myocarditis.MethodsTroponin Ⅰ,hs-CRP,lactic acid blood levels in different time were measured in 88 patients with acute viral myocarditis(54 cases) or acute upper respiratory infections (34 cases).Troponin Ⅰ leyel in patients with severe 39 cases and mild VMC 15 cases were compared.ResultsTroponin Ⅰ level of VMC group was (0.59 ±0.10) ng/L,and significantly higher than that of acute upper respiratory infection group [ (0.10 ± 0.08 ) ng/L ] ( t =2.79,P ＜ 0.05 ).And higher lactic acid and hs-CRP level were observed at different period ( t =2.71,2.48,all P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionTroponin I could help diagnose VMC predict the severity of myocarditis to some extent.Lactic acid and hs-CRP could also reflect imflammation injury of VMC.

Objective To carry out a taxonomic identification of a strain of claviform bacteria iso-lated from prostatic fluid of a patient who suffered from chronic prostatitis, and to approach its phylogenic and biologic position. Methods We undertaked an initial identification by phenotypic characters such as morphologecal, physiological and biochemical characteristics to ascertain its phylogeny by chemical composi-tion analysis of cell wall and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and alignment. Results A club-shaped gram posi-tive rod bacillus was isolated in pure culture state. Its biochemical reactions were not active. The diamino-acid of cell wall was meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) and it had wall chemotype Ⅳ ( contained arabi-nose, galactose and maltose ). Sequence searches of the GenBank database revealed that this strain had a highest level of 16S rDNA sequence similarity (99.4%) to C. tuberculostearicurn strain ATCC35692 with only 8 nucleotides difference. Conclusion On the basis of phenotypic and phylngenetie analysis, it is rea-sonable to assign this strain to the species C. tuberculostearicum, and this is the first isolation of C. tubercu-lostearicum from prostatic fluid home and abroad.

Objective 　Determination of Wilson disease gene mRNA expression in human fibroblast cell strain (Me32aT22/2L) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods　Using lipofection reagent, the plasmid vector carrying the Wilson disease gene (pRc/CMV-WD) was transferred into Me32aT22/2L cultured in serum free complement medium. RT-PCR was used to determine WD mRNA expression in Me32aT22/2L. Results　 Wilson disease gene expression was detected in Me32aT22/2L, while no specific signals were detected in untransfected fibroblast. Conclusions　It demonstrated that Me32aT22/2L strain could express the Wilson disease gene, suggesting that Wilson disease gene transfer might develop a new approach to study Wilson disease.

Objective To find out and clone the genes that can influence different willis circle in Meriones unguiculatus, the genomic library has been made.Methods 96 clean Meriones unguiculatus were dissected according to observe the differences of willis circle, and the mixed DNA was extracted from different blood vessels.The genomic library construction has been done by using pCC1FOS vector, following by CopyControl Fosmid Lib manual.The copy numbers, recombined segment size and recombination fraction of the library were measured.Results Genomic library of different Willis circle in Meriones unguiculatus was successfully made.The capacity of the library was 1700 copies.The segment size was 36kb, and the recombination fraction was 93%.Conclusion The library was the good beginning for the following steps which were gene cloning and genescreen.

Background and objectivehTe clinical course of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of progressive deterioration interspersed with episodes of acute decompensation. It is diffcult to predict when patients will die because death may come either suddenly or slowly due to progressive heart failure. hTe aim of this study is to investigate morphology, func-tion and hemodynamics in PH, compared with healthy people, and to investigate the clinical value of detection of PH by use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters.MethodsCMR was performed in 56 PH patients collected from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014 and 22 healthy controls. hTe following parameters were calculated: right ventricle (RV) end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), myocar-dial mass (MM), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), interventricular septal curvature (CIVS), letf ventricular free wall curva-ture (CFW), and CIVS/CFW, main pulmonary artery (MPA) positive peak velocity, maximal area, minimal area and distensibility. Comparisons of CMR measurements between PH patients and controls were analyzed by using the studentt-tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare the PH diagnostic abilities for four parameters (MPA posi-tive peak velocity, distensibility, curvature ratio, and RVFAC) and combined CMR parameter.P<0.05 was considered signiif-cant.Results Compared with healthy controls, RV morphology, function and hemodynamics of PH group declined and dete-riorate obviously. hTe ROC curve analysis showed that among the four parameters distensibility of MPA had the highest AUC value (AUC=0.95). Additionally, combined CMR parameter (positive peak velocity+distensibility+curvature ratio+RVFAC) had even higher AUC (AUC=0.988).ConclusionComprehensive CMR parameters is conducive to accurately relfect the overall state RV-pulmonary circulation in patients with PH.

Background and objective Pulmonary hypertension (PH) often leads to dilatation of main pulmonary artery (MPA). MPA measurements can be used to predict PH. This aim of this study is to investigate power of MPA vessel indi-ces, which are acquired from cardiovascular magnetic resonance, to evaluate PH. Methods Cardiovascular-magnetic-resonance-determined parameters of MPA were acquired and calculated in 83 PH patients, whose diagnosis were confirmed with right heart catheterization and 49 healthy volunteers; these parameters included MPA diameter (DPA), ratio of DPA and ascending aorta diameter (DPA/DAo), max mean diameter (MDmax), min mean diameter (MDmin), fraction transverse diameter (fTD), fraction longitudinal diameter (fLD), and distensibility.Results Compared with control group, DPA, DPA/DAo, MDmax, and MDmin were significantly higher in patients with PH (P<0.001); fTD, fLD, and distensibility significantly decreased (P<0.001). fTD was lesser than fLD in control group (P<0.001), whereas difference was not observed in PH (P=0.305). MPA indices were significantly correlated with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) (P<0.05), and strongest correlation was observed for DPA/DAo (r=0.534, P<0.001). By receiver operating characteristic analysis, MDmin>28.4 mm, and MDmax>32.4 mm (area under the curve, AUC=0.979, 0.981) showed best performance in predicting PH, yielding highest specificity at 100%.Conclu-sion Noninvasive cardiovascular-magnetic-resonance-derived MPA measurements provide excellent and practical reference in clinical settings for detecting PH.