The rapid development of human micro-ecology (human microbiome) in recent years has opened up new medical prospects for revealing the close relationship between microorganism and human health and disease.As the second genome of human,the special relationship between the microorganism and the host and its important function have brought new ethical and social problems,which requires to rethink and reform the existing ethical norms.This paper focused on the seven perspectives of “identity”,ownership,informed consent,risk benefit assessment,privacy,commercialization and public health,and demonstrated the importance to construct the ethics of micro-ecological research,which would enrich and expand the connotation of bioethics in theory and better guarantee the benign development of micro-ecology research in practice.

0.05). The blood CD + 8 in IBS group was higher than that in control group ( P 0.05). Conclusions The peripheral blood lymphocytes count in IBS was not significantly different from the controls, the number of CD + 3 T lymphocytes was normal in IBS, but CD + 8T lymphocytes was higher, CD + 4 was lower, and CD4/CD8 ratio was decreased in IBS patients as compared with the controls. The results of this study indicated that the patients with diarrhea type IBS might be associated with hypo immunity.

Objective To determine the efficacy of endoscopic treatment for chronic pancreatitis(CP).Methods The clinical data of CP patients in our department from December of 2000 to March of 2009 were reviewed retrospectively.Results 77 patients had been successfully followed up.The short-term clinical symptom remission rate was 86.9% and the long-term 61.0%.9 patients underwent surgery after endoscopic treatment during the follow-up.The incidence of complications related to endoscopic treatment was 5.1% including post-ERCP(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) pancreatitis,hemorrhage,cholangitis and perforation.No death related to endoscopic treatment occurred.Conclusion Endoscopic treatment for CP is safe and effective.

Aging is a biological process and state characterized by morphological change, hypofunction and metabolic disorder, often accompanied by severe degenerative diseases, including amyotrophy, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and so on. Age-related diseases not only decrease the life quality of the elderly, but also impose great burden on family and society. As population aging, we are increasingly coming to realize that the longevity we want should be healthy aging but not simple increase of lifespan. By researching on the yeast, C. elegans, drosophila, mice and humans, we get to know the mechanisms of aging and methods for anti-aging, such as dietary restriction and use of anti-aging drugs like rapamycin. In this review, we summarized mainly the studies on mechanisms of aging and elaborate associated anti-aging strategies and underlying mechanisms.

Objective: In recent years,botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) has been investigated for the treatment of pain.This experiment was to investigate the antinociceptive effect of BTX-A intraperitoneal injection on visceral pain of rats and its effect on intestinal AChE and SP expression.Methods: 72 male adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups: BTX-A(2U,4U,and 6U) or vehicle(2ml) was injected intraperitoneally in B,C,D and A group.6 Rats of every group were challenged with acetic acid intraperitoneal injection after 1,4 and 8 weeks respectively.After abdominal writhing behaviors were monitored,the intestinal samples were immunohistochemical stained for AChE and SP examination.Results: At the end of one week,writhing test scores of rats in group C and D were decreased significantly compared with group A(P

Objective The transoral endoluminal gasrtroplication (ELGP) is a new endoscopic therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) . We studied this procedure on its safety, indications, contraindications and the primary efficacy. Methods Routine endoscopic examination followed ELGP was performed in 26 patients with GERD, including 2 patients with resection of cardiac orifice. These patients suffered from 3 times or more episodes of heartburn or regurgitation per week while withdrew any medication, and the acid reflux was verified by 24-hour pH monitoring. The ELGP was performed with a linear pattern in 8 patients, circumferential in 14 cases and the combination of both patterns in 4 patients. The esophageal hiatus was 1.5 - 3. 5 cm in diameter, with average of 2. 5 cm in 26 patinets, and 20 patients were identifed to suffer from hiatus hernia. The suturing device was available of the BARD Suturing System II. Results The plicae were within 3 cm from the squamocolumnar junction or gastroesophageal stoma, sutured on the lesser curve with linear configuration in 11 patients, around the cardiac orifice with circumferential configuration in 17 cases and with the combination of both configurations in 4 patients. The distance was 1 - 3 cm between two stitchs and 1.5 - 2 cm between two folds. Thirty - two procedures were finished in 26 patiensts with a total of 60 plicae, second procedure was required in 6 patients. Each patient was sutured for 1 - 4 plicae with an average of 2. 3 plicae. The heartburn and regurgitation were improved in 76% of patients, resolved completely in 36% and remitted partly in 40%. Dyspnoea happened in one patient during operation as having suffered from cold, and the others were free of serious complications. Conclusions The symptoms of GERD can be significantly improved by ELGP which are applicable to GERD with 3 times or more episodes of heartburn or regurgitation per week,or the reflux from resection of cardiac orifice. This procedure generally is effective, convenient and safe,but it is not indicated in patients with acute cold, serious pulmonary or heart diseases.

Objective To study a new endoscopic technique, double-balloon enteroscopy on its efficiency and indication of examining small intestinal diseases. Methods Thirteen patients suspected to suffer from small intestinal disease received double-balloon enteroscopy. By pumping the two balloons to grip the small intestinal walls, the enteroscope can be inserted further without forming redundant loops in the small intestine. Eight patients undergoing these procedures received a combination of sedative drugs and anisodam-ine intravenously. Results Nineteen procedures were performed in 13 patients, among them 8 patients were performed through anus and 11 patients through mouth. The enteroscope reached the 3th - 6th group small intestine through mouth or anus in average 80 minutes for each procedure. Eight positive lesions were detected or diagnosed by the enteroscopy and biopsy. The nausea, mild temporary abdominal pain and liquids effusing from the overtube occurred during examination through the mouth. There were no severe complications such as hemorrhage, perforation occurred. Conclusion The double-balloon enteroscopy is a new safe and controllable endoscopic procedure for those small intestinal disease patients without severe organ dysfunction and intestinal adhesion, and having the adventages of completing the procedure within 2-3 hours, allowing direct visualization of the entire small intestine, taking biopsy specimens to get pathological diagnosis, and is superior to barium enteroclysis.

Objective To verify and evaluate the efficacy and safety of PEG-4000 electrolyte lavage solution in endoscopy preparation. Methods A multicenter open randomized controlled clinical study of 211 patients taking PEG-4000 electrolyte or mannitol in colonoendoscopy preparation. The overall evaluation of colonic preparation was the primary efficacy criterion. The investigator recorded any adverse event to assess the safety. Results The total effective rate of overall colonic preparation of study group was 92. 45% (98/ 106) , that of mannitol group was 80% (84/105). The study group showed more effective than control group with statistical significance (P = 0.016). The adverse event incidence of study group was 8.49%. There were 6 patients complained of nausea and vomiting, 3 patients showed abnormal laboratory results after administration. All the events relieved in short period and have no influence on examination. There was no serious adverse event in this group. The incidence of adverse event in mannitol group was 14. 29% (15/105 ). Four patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms and 1 showed chest suppression. Abnormal laboratory results were found in 10 patients. There was 1 serious adverse event occurred in control group. The difference between 2 groups had no statistical significance. Conclusion PEG-4000 electrolyte is a safe and effective drug in colonic preparation before clinical colonic examination or surgery.

Objective To study the effects of internal and external biliary drainage on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression of Kupffer cells and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to obstructive jaundice (OJ), sham operation (SH), internal biliary drainage (ID) and external biliary drainage (ED) groups with 12 each. Kupffer cells were isolated by in situ hepatic perfusion and digestion with collagenase type Ⅳ, and purified by cell culture attachment. The expression of iNOS mRNA of Kupffer cells was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the serum TNF-α concentration was measured using ELISA method. Results The serum TNF-α level was increased in OJ group[ (110.84±26.3) pg/ml ]compared with SH group [-(88.4±17.9) pg/ml, (P=0.045)]. The TNF-α level in ID group[ (89.8±28. 3) pg/ml ]was significantly lower than that in ED group[ (118.64±22.7) pg/ml, (P=0. 011) ]and OJ group (P=0. 059). Expression of iNOS mRNA of Kupffer cells was significantly higher in OJ group (0. 824± 0. 24) compared with SH group (0. 384±0.35,P=0. 005). After relieving the OJ, the iNOS mRNA expression in ED group (0. 974± 0.48) was not suppressed (P=0. 321). On the contrary, the iNOS mRNA expression in ID group was suppressed and significantly lower than that in ED group (0. 59±0. 35) (P=0. 016). Conclusions Internal biliary drainage is superior to external drainage in terms of reversing the elevated serum TNF-α and in suppressing the iNOS mRNA expression of Kupffer cells in rats with obstructive jaundice.

Objective To study the association of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) promoter region methylation with human esophageal cancer. Methods Promoter region methylation of UCHL1 was dctcctcd by rnethylation specific PCR (MSP) in esophageal cancer cell lines and tissue samples.The expression of UCHL1 was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in esophagcal cancer cell lines.5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) was applied to reactivate methylated cell lines.ResultsComplete methylation of UCHL1 promoter region was detected in 8 cell lincs (KYSE30,KYSE150,KYSE140,KYSE450,KYSE510,TE3,TE7,TE10).Loss of UCHL1 expression was found in7 cell lines ( KYSE30,KYSE150,KYSE140,KYSE450,KYSE510,TE3,TE7).Reduced expression was found in TE10 cell line. Promoter region hypermethylation was correlated with UCHL1 expression in esophageal cancer cell lines.Re-expression of UCHL1 was induced by 5-Aza treatment in KYSE150 and TE3 cell lines.UCHL1 was frequently methylated in human primary esophageal cancer (74.51％,38/51 ),while no methylation was detected in normal esophageal mucosa (0/10). No association was found between promoter region methylation and age,gender,tumor location,tumor stage or lymph node metastasis.Conclusions UCHL1is silenced by promoter region hypermethylation in human esophageal cancer.Methylation of UCHL1 is frequently happened to primary esophageal cancer and may play an important role in the tumorigenesis.