OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

This article introduces the classifications of medical devices by FDA and EU and compares them with the situation in China. Towards the problems found, several reasonable advices are put forward.
China ; Durable Medical Equipment ; classification

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of performing muscle-sparing thoracotomy and intercostal sutures in the treatment of upper and/or middle thoracic esophageal cancer for the purpose of tumor control and postoperative quality of life improvement.Methods: Seven patients with esophageal cancer were treated with vertical muscle-sparing thoracotomy and Mckeown esophagectomy.Detailed clinic data were summarized and analyzed with patient follow-up information.Results: Of the 7 patients,five were still alive with a 71.4% five-year survival rate.There were no deaths resulting from the operation in this group.The mean length of thoracic incision was 11 cm.The range of hospital stays was 14 to 25 days,with a mean length of 18 days.No patients complained of impaired shoulder action,and the incision pain was hardly perceived without external stimulation 1 month after operation.Conclusion: Performing the muscle-sparing thoracotomy in the treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer located in the upper and /or middle thoracic segment yields a satisfactory long-term survival rate with an improved life quality in terms of incision pain relief and shoulder function.

Objective To investigate the methods of preoperation diagnosis and treatment of primary gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT).Methods To analyze retrospectively the diagnosis and treatment of 54 cases of MALT lymphoma diagnosed surgically and pathologically.Results The most common symptoms were stomachache or discomfort.Of the patients with MALT lymphoma,85.2%(46/54)cases were diagnosed by preoperation gastroscopy with biopsy.Helicobacter pylori was found in 48 cases(88.9%).The overall resection rate for MALT lymphoma was 87%(47/54).The 5-year and 10-year survival were 77.1% and 72.9%,respectively.Conclusions It is obvious that MALT lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori.Since no specific symptoms in gastric MALT lymphoma,the preoperative diagnosis is relied upon the application of gastrointestinal image,gastroscopy and repeated biopsy.The use of curative resection with the post-operative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to treat MALT lymphoma is reasonable.

This article outlined the necessity of integrated information literacy education,ex-pounded the connotation of information literacy and integrated education and analyzed the situation of integrated information literacy education in China's medical colleges. In the end,the measures of inte-grated information literacy education were promoted from the following perspectives:improving the level of information literacy of professional teachers,designing the curriculum system of information literacy,integrating with medical professional courses,and establishing a network learning platform with professional education and information literacy education.

Objective To survey the incidence of adverse reaction induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection and provide valuable suggestion for using traditional Chinese medicine injection.Methods Clinical data of 1860 patients who were under treatment of traditional Chinese medicine injection during January 2010 to December 2014 were studied to survey adverse reaction incidence, effected system-organs and risk factors of adverse reaction.Results Comparison of incidence adverse reaction of traditional Chinese medicine injection, Qingkailing injection adverse occurrence rate reached the highest 11.76% for all types, followed by Shenmai injection and Shuanghuanglian injection.Adverse reactions involving the organ and the performance was compared, adverse reactions mainly involved the organs for the skin and accessories, circulatory system, accounting for 56.15%, the incidence of adverse reactions of the rest of the organ system was less.Not determine the treatment based on differentiation of symptoms and signs, combined with injection, ultra treatment application and distribution of liquid static for a long time all differences were statistically significant ( P <0.05), leading to the main risk factors of the occurrence of adverse reactions.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine injections occurred and the incidence of adverse reactions was higher, wider range, organ involvement mainly skin and its appendages and circulatory system, not dialectical treatment and rational drug use is lead to adverse risk factors, actively preventment and timely treatment to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

Objective:To analyze and evaluate the effect after the PIVAS workflow optimization in our hospital. Methods: One-for-one grouping preparation was carried out by pharmacists and nurses. The checking of medicines, solvents and empty ampoules be-fore and after the preparation was performed by pharmacists, and the preparation of infusions was operated by nurses according to the operation specification. The preparation workload, error number in each link and damage of ampoules and finished goods before the op-timization and in 5 months after the optimization were compared. Results:The working efficiency was obviously improved with less time of about 0. 5 h for the same workload, the error rate was decreased by 40%, and the ampoule damage was reduced by 60% before and during the preparation. Conclusion:The PIVAS workflow optimization improves the working efficiency and management level.