Neuroendocrine cells comprise a minor subpopulation of the normal prostatic epithelium. When patients accept the androgen deprivation therapy, it will induce neuroendocrine differentiation of the prostate carcinoma cells. NE cells can provide endocrine/paracrine stimuli for proliferation of the surrounding carcinoma cells and inevitably make prostate cancer become androgen independent and no longer responsive to hormonal manipulation. In this paper, the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation and its relationship with androgen independent state were reviewed.

Objective To establish a model of isoniazid induced necrosis and apoptosis in HepG2 cell and to observe the expressions of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) in this model.Methods HepG2 cells were treated with different dosages of isoniazid (0,1,2,4,6 and 8 mg/mL) or blank control for 24 hours.Flow cytometer was used to observe the cellular morphology of the HepG2 cell.Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry were employed to detect the necrosis and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.The expressions of Fas/FasL on the cells were also determined by flow cytometry.The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.The comparisons between the drug groups and the control group were performed by using Dunnett t test. Results The higher the dose of isoniazid (4,6,8 mg/mL) was,the more necrosis and apoptosis were observed.In the 4,6 and 8mg/mL isoniazid arms,the total mortality rates were all higher than the control group [(32.1 ±7.5)％,(34.9±8.1)％,(38.2±9.4)％ vs (7.2±1.5)％ respectively](t=4.62,5.14 and 5.75,respectively; all P＜0.01 ).The expression levels of Fas increased along with the dose of isoniazid increasing [(8.7±2.2)％,(11.5±2.8)％,(12.3±3.0)％ and (10.6±2.9)％ in isoniazid 2,4,6and 8 mg/mL arms,respectively],which were all higher than that in control arm [(3.1 ±0.8) ％](t=2.97,P＜0.05; t=4.46,P＜0.01; t=4.88,P＜0.01; t=3.98,P＜0.05).Furthermore,the expressions of FasL increased as well when the dose of isoniazid increased.The expression levels of FasL were (16.2±3.5)％,(21.7±4.8)％ and (18.7±4.9)％,respectively in isoniazid 4,6 and 8 mg/mL arms,which were all higher than that in the control group [(7.4±1.4)％](t=3.11,P＜0.01; t=5.06,P＜0.01; t=3.99,P＜0.05).HepG2 cell necrosis increased with isoniazid of 8 mg/mL.However,the increase of apoptosis was not observed.Conclusion Isoniazid can induce HepG2 cell necrosis and apoptosis,and the apoptosis may be related with the increased expressions of the Fas/FasL on the cells.

Objective: To observe the changes of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) and endothelin(ET) and the effect of aprotinin on them during open heart surgery. Method:Twenty patients undergoing valve replacement were divided into two groups,control group(n=10) in which and protinin group (n=10), 4000000 unit aprotinin were given during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), Blood samples were collected before operation,pre-CPB,15,30 and 60 minute following CPB and 1st, 3rd, 5th day after operation. Result: As compared to pre-CPB in control group,CEC and ET levels increased during CPB and returned the normal after operation. In aprotinin group,the tendency of change was same,but CEC and ET levels were higher in control group than in aprotinin group during CPB. Conclusion:There are endothelial ceils damaging and ET significant increasing during CPB,while aprotinin can ameliorate this situation.

Objective To investigate the effect of Tongmai oral liquid on the early diabetic nephropathy. Methods Diabetic nephropathy rats were induced by excision of the right kidney and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Forty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups:Tongmai group, nephrotic model group, and normal group. At the end of the 8th week, the rats general states and some parameters such as kidney hypertrophy index, 24 h urine volume, blood glucose, 24 h urinary microalbumin (24 h UMA), renal function [serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)], serum lipid, and the change of nephritic pathologic lesion were measured. Result Compared with the model group, general states in Tongmai group were improved, there was a considerable increase on body weight (P

Objective To examine the effects of different doses of midazelam on ED50 of emulsified isoflurane and to determine the type of interaction between them for hypnosis by isobelographic analysis in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty-five adult male SD rats weighing 240-300 g were randomized into 5 groups (n=25 each): group Ⅰmidazolam (M); group Ⅱ emulsified isnflurane (Ⅰ); group Ⅲ ,Ⅳ ,Ⅴ, 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 ED50 of midazelam for hypnosis + emulsified isoflurane (MI1 , MI2, MI3). Up-and-down sequential experiment was used to determine ED50of midazolam and emulsified isoflurane for loss of righting reflex in group Ⅰ -Ⅴ . The intial dose of midazolm was 17.3 mg/kg in group M. The initial doses of emulsified isoflurane (120 mg/ml) were 0.55 (in group Ⅰ, 0.22 (MI1), 0.19 (MI2) and 0.12 ml/kg (MI3) respectively. In group MI1-3 midazolam was injected over 15 seconds and after an interval of 2.5 min emulsified isoflurane was injected over 10 s. ED50 was calculated using Dixon-Mood method. Isebolographic and algebraic analyses were used to determine the type of interaction between midazolam and emulsified isoflurane. Results The five groups were comparable with respect to M/F sex ratio and body weight. The Edso of midazolam was 26.0 mg/kg in group M. Midazolam 6.5, 13.0 and 19.5 mg/kg were given in group MI1 , MI2 and MI3 respectively. The ED50 of emulsified isoflurane was 0.67 (ingroup Ⅰ), 0.30 (MI1), 0.22 (MI2) and 0.18 ml/kg (MI3) respectively. The isobolographic analysis indicated that with increasing doses of midazolam, the Edw of emulsified isoflurane decreased progressively in a non-linear fashion. The isobolographic and algebraic analyses demonstrated that the interaction between midazolam and emulsified isoflurane was synergistic for hypnosis. Conclusion The hypnosis is synergistic when midazolam 6.5,13 mg/kg are combined with emulsified isoflurane and additive when midazolam 19.5 mg/kg is combined with emulsified isoflurane.

In order to explore the possibility of Jerusalem artichoke stalk for bioenergy conversion, we analyzed the main composition of whole stalk, pitch, and core of the stalk. Meanwhile, these parts were pretreated with different NaOH concentrations at 121 degrees C. Afterwards, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed to evaluate the pretreatment efficiency. Jerusalem artichoke stalk was characterized by relatively high lignin content (32.0%) compared with traditional crop stalks. The total carbohydrate content was close to that of crop stalks, but with higher cellulose content (40.5%) and lower hemicellulose (19.6%) than those of traditional crop stalks. After pretreatment, the lignin content in the whole stalk, pitch, and core decreased by 13.1%-13.4%, 8.3%-13.5%, and 19.9%-27.2%, respectively, compared with the unpretreated substrates. The hemicellulose content in the whole stalk, pitch, and core decreased 87.8%-96.9%, 87.6%-95.0%, and 74.0%-90.2%, respectively. Correspondingly, the cellulose content in the pretreated whole stalk, pitch, and core increased by 56.5%-60.2%, 52.2%-55.4%, and 62.7%-73.2%, respectively. Moreover, increase of NaOH concentration for pretreatment could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole stalk and pitch by 2.3-2.6 folds and 10.3-18.5 folds, respectively. The hydrolysis of pretreated stalk core decreased significantly as 2.0 mol/L NaOH was employed, although the increased NaOH concentration can also improve its hydrolysis performance. Based on these results, hot-NaOH can be regarded as an option for Jerusalem artichoke stalk pretreatment. Increasing NaOH concentration was beneficial to hemicellulose and lignin removal, and consequently improved sugar conversion. However, the potential decrease of sugar conversion of the pretreated core by higher NaOH concentration suggested further optimization on the pretreatment conditions should be performed.
Biofuels ; Cellulose ; chemistry ; Helianthus ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrolysis ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; Sodium Hydroxide ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of purulent meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.Methods We studied clinical features of 12 children with purulent meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae who were hospitalized from Jan 2007 to Oct 2011 in our hospital.Results Twelve children were penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae.The ages ranged from 2 months to 10 years.Nine cases(75％) were aged less than 5 years,and 5 cases(41.6％) were aged less than 2 years.All cases were with fever,and with the nervous system symptoms involvement.All cases were with complications:9 cases(75％) with septicemia,8 cases (66.7％) with pneumonia.The white blood cells,blood C-reactive protein,peripheral blood procalcitonin,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,white cells and protein in cerebrospinal fluid were mostly significantly high,sugar in cerebrospinal fluid were low significantly.Eleven cases were eventually treatmented by vancomycin plus 3rd to 4rd generations of cephalosporins antibiotics or other antibiotics.Eight cases were cured,2 cases with serious sequela,and 2 cases died.Conclusion We should attach importance to the meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.For clinical suspects pneumonia streptococcus meningitis,to given the powerful therapy by vancomycin plus the other antibiotics,as early as possible.

Aim To research the protective effects of specnuezhenide, an active compound of traditional Chinese medicine, against CCl4-induced hepatic dam-age in mice. Methods The model of acute hepatic damage caused by CCl4 intraperitoneal injection on mice was obtained. The levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum, the activities of MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px in liver homogenates, and the his-topathological organization of liver sections were also examined to observe the protective effects of specnu-ezhenide. Results Specnuezhenide markedly de-creased the CCl4-induced elevation of serum ALT and AST activities, and improved hepatic histopathology changes. Specnuezhenide also significantly decreased the content of MDA in liver tissues, meanwhile in-creased the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px. In addition, specnuezhenide reduced the lev-els of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 . Conclusions Specnu-ezhenide has significant protective effects against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in mice, and the possible un-derlying mechanisms of the activity could be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Shuxuening combined with epalrestat in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Methods Eighty patients from March 2014 to June 2015 in Metabolic Disease Department of the Second Hospital of Tianjin were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 40 patients in each group.The control group received epalrestat, and the observation group received Shuxuening injection on the baisis of control group. The related indicators were compared between two groups.Results After treatment, the 24 h-urine microalbumin, plasma low density lipoprotein and serum creatinine in observation group [(239.31 ±106.54)mg/L,(2.45 ±0.55)mmol/L,(95.54 ± 22.13)mol/L]were lower than those in control group [(349.90 ±148.40),(3.41 ±0.52),(108.76 ±34.30)](P<0.05).The β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and plasma high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in observation group [(0.39 ±0.06),(6.31 ±1.58)mg/L]were lower than those in control group [(0.49 ±0.12),(7.89 ±1.35)](P<0.05).The total efficacy in observation group was higher than that in control group (70.0%vs.45.0%,P<0.05).Conclusion Shuxuening injection joint epalrestat has the exact efficacy in treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)in the diagnostic of acute rejection (AR)after liver transplantation.Methods B mode ultrasound,CDFI and ARFI exams were performed on fifty-eight patients who was diagnosed with AR through liver biopsy in our hospital.The liver allograft size,mean velocity of portal vein,hepatic vein spectrum waveform and shear-wave velocity were obtained and compared with the results of 30 healthy subjects as control group.Results Compare to control group,the AR group had a significant increase in liver allograft,decrease in mean velocity of portal vein,the elimination of triphasic wave of hepatic vein,and a significant increase in shear-wave velocity (P =0.000,0.000,0.007,0.000,respectively).The correlation coefficient between four criteria and grouping was 0.478,0.557,0.286,0.483,respectively.The area under ROC curves for diagnosing AR using the four criterias mentioned above was 0.914.Conclusions Combination of CDFI and ARFI in diagnosing of AR after liver transplantation has higher sensitivity and accuracy.