Neuroendocrine cells comprise a minor subpopulation of the normal prostatic epithelium. When patients accept the androgen deprivation therapy, it will induce neuroendocrine differentiation of the prostate carcinoma cells. NE cells can provide endocrine/paracrine stimuli for proliferation of the surrounding carcinoma cells and inevitably make prostate cancer become androgen independent and no longer responsive to hormonal manipulation. In this paper, the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation and its relationship with androgen independent state were reviewed.

Objective To establish a model of isoniazid induced necrosis and apoptosis in HepG2 cell and to observe the expressions of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) in this model.Methods HepG2 cells were treated with different dosages of isoniazid (0,1,2,4,6 and 8 mg/mL) or blank control for 24 hours.Flow cytometer was used to observe the cellular morphology of the HepG2 cell.Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry were employed to detect the necrosis and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.The expressions of Fas/FasL on the cells were also determined by flow cytometry.The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.The comparisons between the drug groups and the control group were performed by using Dunnett t test. Results The higher the dose of isoniazid (4,6,8 mg/mL) was,the more necrosis and apoptosis were observed.In the 4,6 and 8mg/mL isoniazid arms,the total mortality rates were all higher than the control group [(32.1 ±7.5)％,(34.9±8.1)％,(38.2±9.4)％ vs (7.2±1.5)％ respectively](t=4.62,5.14 and 5.75,respectively; all P＜0.01 ).The expression levels of Fas increased along with the dose of isoniazid increasing [(8.7±2.2)％,(11.5±2.8)％,(12.3±3.0)％ and (10.6±2.9)％ in isoniazid 2,4,6and 8 mg/mL arms,respectively],which were all higher than that in control arm [(3.1 ±0.8) ％](t=2.97,P＜0.05; t=4.46,P＜0.01; t=4.88,P＜0.01; t=3.98,P＜0.05).Furthermore,the expressions of FasL increased as well when the dose of isoniazid increased.The expression levels of FasL were (16.2±3.5)％,(21.7±4.8)％ and (18.7±4.9)％,respectively in isoniazid 4,6 and 8 mg/mL arms,which were all higher than that in the control group [(7.4±1.4)％](t=3.11,P＜0.01; t=5.06,P＜0.01; t=3.99,P＜0.05).HepG2 cell necrosis increased with isoniazid of 8 mg/mL.However,the increase of apoptosis was not observed.Conclusion Isoniazid can induce HepG2 cell necrosis and apoptosis,and the apoptosis may be related with the increased expressions of the Fas/FasL on the cells.

Objective: To observe the changes of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) and endothelin(ET) and the effect of aprotinin on them during open heart surgery. Method:Twenty patients undergoing valve replacement were divided into two groups,control group(n=10) in which and protinin group (n=10), 4000000 unit aprotinin were given during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), Blood samples were collected before operation,pre-CPB,15,30 and 60 minute following CPB and 1st, 3rd, 5th day after operation. Result: As compared to pre-CPB in control group,CEC and ET levels increased during CPB and returned the normal after operation. In aprotinin group,the tendency of change was same,but CEC and ET levels were higher in control group than in aprotinin group during CPB. Conclusion:There are endothelial ceils damaging and ET significant increasing during CPB,while aprotinin can ameliorate this situation.

Objective To investigate the effect of Tongmai oral liquid on the early diabetic nephropathy. Methods Diabetic nephropathy rats were induced by excision of the right kidney and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Forty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups:Tongmai group, nephrotic model group, and normal group. At the end of the 8th week, the rats general states and some parameters such as kidney hypertrophy index, 24 h urine volume, blood glucose, 24 h urinary microalbumin (24 h UMA), renal function [serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)], serum lipid, and the change of nephritic pathologic lesion were measured. Result Compared with the model group, general states in Tongmai group were improved, there was a considerable increase on body weight (P

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of purulent meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.Methods We studied clinical features of 12 children with purulent meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae who were hospitalized from Jan 2007 to Oct 2011 in our hospital.Results Twelve children were penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae.The ages ranged from 2 months to 10 years.Nine cases(75％) were aged less than 5 years,and 5 cases(41.6％) were aged less than 2 years.All cases were with fever,and with the nervous system symptoms involvement.All cases were with complications:9 cases(75％) with septicemia,8 cases (66.7％) with pneumonia.The white blood cells,blood C-reactive protein,peripheral blood procalcitonin,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,white cells and protein in cerebrospinal fluid were mostly significantly high,sugar in cerebrospinal fluid were low significantly.Eleven cases were eventually treatmented by vancomycin plus 3rd to 4rd generations of cephalosporins antibiotics or other antibiotics.Eight cases were cured,2 cases with serious sequela,and 2 cases died.Conclusion We should attach importance to the meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.For clinical suspects pneumonia streptococcus meningitis,to given the powerful therapy by vancomycin plus the other antibiotics,as early as possible.

Objective To investigate the intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy security with raltitrexed in advanced colorectal cancer surgical operation.Methods Sixty patients with colorectal cancer undergone surgery were randomly divided into trial group (n =30) and control group (n =30) according to the random number table method.The trial group was given surgical operation plus with intraperitoneal chemotherapy with raltitrexed.The control group was given surgical operation plus with intraperitoneal saline perfusion.Theroutine blood test,liver and kidney functions,toxic side effects and complications in two groups before and after surgery were investigated.Results The white blood cells in trial group before and after surgery was (6.36 ± 2.63) × 109/L vs.(8.20 ± 2.08) × 109/L,with statistically significant difference (t =3.06,P ＜0.05).The ratio of absolute neutrophil count in trial group before and after surgery was 65.17％ ± 10.36％ vs.72.21％ ± 10.53％ (t =3.22,P ＜ 0.05).The platelets in trial group before and after surgery was (261.03 ±84.74) × 109/L vs.(228.47 ± 58.69) × 109/L (t =2.07,P ＜ 0.05).The white blood cells,the ratio of absolute neutrophil count and the platelets after surgery had no statistically significant differeuces between the two groups (P ＞0.05).The trial group had higher 1,2 level vomiting (60.00％ vs.23.33％;x2 =8.30,P ＜ 0.05),and nausea (30.00％ vs.6.67％;x2 =5.46,P ＜ 0.05) incidence rates,but there was no statistically significant difference in other toxic side effects (P ＞ 0.05).The major complications post operation included intestinal obstruction,incision infection,abdominal cavity bleeding,and anastomotic fistula.There were equivalent complications in two groups (6.67％ vs.3.33％,x2 =0.35,P ＞0.05;10.00％ vs.6.67％,x2 =0.22,P＞0.05;0 vs.0;3.33％ vs.0,P＞0.05).Conclusion For patients with advanced colorectal cancer,intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with raltitrexed is safe and feasible,and the adverse reactions can be tolerated without increasing postoperative complications.

Objective To examine the effects of different doses of midazelam on ED50 of emulsified isoflurane and to determine the type of interaction between them for hypnosis by isobelographic analysis in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty-five adult male SD rats weighing 240-300 g were randomized into 5 groups (n=25 each): group Ⅰmidazolam (M); group Ⅱ emulsified isnflurane (Ⅰ); group Ⅲ ,Ⅳ ,Ⅴ, 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 ED50 of midazelam for hypnosis + emulsified isoflurane (MI1 , MI2, MI3). Up-and-down sequential experiment was used to determine ED50of midazolam and emulsified isoflurane for loss of righting reflex in group Ⅰ -Ⅴ . The intial dose of midazolm was 17.3 mg/kg in group M. The initial doses of emulsified isoflurane (120 mg/ml) were 0.55 (in group Ⅰ, 0.22 (MI1), 0.19 (MI2) and 0.12 ml/kg (MI3) respectively. In group MI1-3 midazolam was injected over 15 seconds and after an interval of 2.5 min emulsified isoflurane was injected over 10 s. ED50 was calculated using Dixon-Mood method. Isebolographic and algebraic analyses were used to determine the type of interaction between midazolam and emulsified isoflurane. Results The five groups were comparable with respect to M/F sex ratio and body weight. The Edso of midazolam was 26.0 mg/kg in group M. Midazolam 6.5, 13.0 and 19.5 mg/kg were given in group MI1 , MI2 and MI3 respectively. The ED50 of emulsified isoflurane was 0.67 (ingroup Ⅰ), 0.30 (MI1), 0.22 (MI2) and 0.18 ml/kg (MI3) respectively. The isobolographic analysis indicated that with increasing doses of midazolam, the Edw of emulsified isoflurane decreased progressively in a non-linear fashion. The isobolographic and algebraic analyses demonstrated that the interaction between midazolam and emulsified isoflurane was synergistic for hypnosis. Conclusion The hypnosis is synergistic when midazolam 6.5,13 mg/kg are combined with emulsified isoflurane and additive when midazolam 19.5 mg/kg is combined with emulsified isoflurane.

Objective To study the engraftment syndrome (ES) and the possible etiology after haploidentical allognneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (al]o-HSCT). Methods The clinical manifestation, treatment and outcome of a chronic myeloid leukemia patient who after allo-HSCT were presented. Results The patient started to cough on day 2 after allo-HSCT, dry cough at beginning, white foam sputum, non-infectious fever, fluid retention, weight gain, transient encephalopathy on day 4. The clinical symptoms were improved after treatment with corticosteroids, in which ES was diagnosed. Conclusion ES is a series of clinical syndromes following transplantation which is different from acute graft versus host disease. It occurred after HSCT, and corticosteroids are often effective. Therefore early recognition and accurate diagnosis is very important.

Objective To investigate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)in the diagnostic of acute rejection (AR)after liver transplantation.Methods B mode ultrasound,CDFI and ARFI exams were performed on fifty-eight patients who was diagnosed with AR through liver biopsy in our hospital.The liver allograft size,mean velocity of portal vein,hepatic vein spectrum waveform and shear-wave velocity were obtained and compared with the results of 30 healthy subjects as control group.Results Compare to control group,the AR group had a significant increase in liver allograft,decrease in mean velocity of portal vein,the elimination of triphasic wave of hepatic vein,and a significant increase in shear-wave velocity (P =0.000,0.000,0.007,0.000,respectively).The correlation coefficient between four criteria and grouping was 0.478,0.557,0.286,0.483,respectively.The area under ROC curves for diagnosing AR using the four criterias mentioned above was 0.914.Conclusions Combination of CDFI and ARFI in diagnosing of AR after liver transplantation has higher sensitivity and accuracy.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of postoperative complications after pancreas transplantation.Methods Eighty-six post pancreastransplantation patients were examined by CEUS to observe the perfusion of contrast agent,plot timeintensity curve (TIC),and compare to the results of enhanced CT,MRI and pathology.Results Eleven cases of thrombosis,13 cases of rejection and 13 cases of pancreatitis were observed among 86 patients.Result from CEUS showed that:① Distribution of normal pancreatic grafts vascular and parenchyma was even,TIC follows positive skewed distribution.②Thrombosis:there was no perfusion in the embolic vessels and no enhancement or low uneven enhancement in the parenchyma.③ Rejection:perfusion of the parenchyma was slow,peak value was decreased,rising and falling slope of the TIC was reduced with blunt peak.④Pancreatitis:perfusion of the parenchyma was uneven,the regional low enhanced area was visible,clear of the contrast agent was relatively slow,rising slope of TIC was reduced and the peak value was decreased.Conclusions CEUS can monitor the perfusion of the pancreatic grafts vascular and parenchyma,and get useful perfusion parameters.It has been proven as an effective method to definitely diagnose postoperative complications after pancreas transplantation.