It is well established that type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.Controversial data exist regarding the differential control of the immune system in TI DM.Recent studies have demonstrated that MicroRNAs (miRNAs),single-stranded noncoding RNAs,may play a key role in regulation of gene expression in the immune system.Dicer enzymes or abnormal miRNAs may lead to autoimmune reactions,and thus is expected to become a target for early diagnosis and treatment of T1DM in the future.This article reviews the correlations of known miRNAs with the immune regulation in T1DM and the research progression.

[Summary] The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes has not been thoroughly understood. MicroRNA is a kind of small molecule RNA in regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The dysfunction and amount changes of microRNA involve in the regulation of pancreaticβcell volume and function,and thus are related to type 1 diabetes. Here,we reviewed the research advances of microRNA in the development of the pancreas,insulin secretion and type 1 diabetes.

Aim To investigate the influence of skin layers ( st ratum corneum and viable layer) on the percutaneous absorption of drug with or w ithout isopropyl myristate (IPM). Methods We chose theophylline (TP ) as a model drug. Patches containing saturated concentration of TP were prepare d. The in vitrotransdermal permeation experiment via different rat skin lay ers was carried out. Results The Kp of TP via stripped skin was 2.1 times larger than that via intact skin. The permea bility was en hanced when coexisted with IPM either via intact skin or via stripped skin. Conclusion IPM can significantly enhance the percutaneous absorption of TP via different skin layers. And these data and methods represent a novel appr oach to evaluate the effects of skin damage and skin disease on drug percutaneou s absorption.

Objective To investigate the expression levels of miR-146a in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( DPN ) and their correlation with the disease severity. Methods The expression levels of miR-146a in the PBMCs were measured by using real time PCR in 62 patients with type 2 diabetes (32 patients without DPN, 30 with DPN) and 33 healthy individuals. The correlation of miR-146a expression with clinical parameters was analyzed. Results The expression level of miR-146a in patients withtype2diabetesmellituswassignificantlylowerthanthatinthehealthyindividuals((1.92±1.99vs4.15±1.56, P<0. 05). Furthermore, the miR-146a level was significantly lowered in diabetic patients with DPN as compared with thosewithoutDPN(1.22±1.61vs2.51±2.00,P<0.05). TheexpressionlevelsofmiR-146ainpatientswithDPN were positively correlated with duration of diabetes, blood glucose, and Toronto clinical scoring system scores. Conclusion The decreased expression of miR-146a in patients with DPN is correlated with the severity of DPN.

Objective To explore the associations between polymorphisms of Vitamin D receptor gene and type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Methods Literatures were retrieved from PubMed ,Web of Science and WanFang databases ,etc.Pooled odds ratios(ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model. Results A total of 28 literatures were included. The result of analysis showed that BsmI and ApaI polymorphism were the susceptibility gene for T 1DM in Asian populations [B vs b;OR(95% CI)=1.53(1.06~2.20) ,P=0.024 ;AA vs aa:OR(95% CI)=1.60(1.06~2.40) ,P= 0.023]. Conclusion The BsmI and ApaI polymorphism may be susceptibility gene in Asians populations with T1DM.

Objective To investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA ) level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN ) in middle‐aged and elderly population. Methods A total of 207 middle‐aged and elderly patients with T2DM were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were divided into two groups:T2DM only group and DPN group. The DPN group was further divided into three subgroups (mild ,moderate and severe group) according to TCSS score. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate each index ,and binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis of risk factors for DPN.Results SBP ,UACR ,BUN ,Scr ,TC ,LDL‐C and SUA were significantly higher in DPN group than in T2DM group. SUA were significantly increased together with the increase of the severity of DPN [(279.66 ± 56.53)vs(308.93 ± 52.96)vs(330.24 ± 48.79) μmol/L](P<0.05). Conclusion SUA level is an risk factor for the development of DPN in the middle‐aged and elders with T2DM. SUA is positively correlated with the severity of DPN.

Objective To explore the possible role of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy( DPN) by investigating the correlation of miR-146a level in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)with tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and C reactive protein(CRP). Methods The expression levels of miR-146a in the PBMCs were measured using realtime PCR in 81 patients and 34 healthy individuals. The correlation of miR-146a expression with clinical parameters was analyzed. Results Compared to those in the healthy individuals and patients without DPN, miR-146a level was significantly decreased in diabetic patients with DPN while TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, HbA1C, systolic blood pressure, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) were significantly increased(all P<0.05). Duration of diabetes, blood uric acid, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in diabetics with DPN were higher compared with diabetics without DPN(all P<0. 05). The expression level of miR-146a was negatively correlated with diabetes duration, HOMA-IR, HbA1C, TNF-α, and IL-6. Multiple linear regression showed that HOMA-IR, HbA1C, TNF-α, and IL-6 were independent factors of miR-146a. Conclusion miR-146a may be involved in the development of DPN through inflammation, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance.

Objective To investigate the relationship between CA199 and clinical indicators and its related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods A total of 1224 hospitalized T2DM patients were enrolled retrospectively from the Endocrinology and metabolism department of our hospital. All the patients were divided into two groups according to CA199 level:negative group (CA199<37 U/ml) and positive group(CA199≥37 U/ml). Clinical and biochemical data were compared between the two groups. Results The level of FPG,HbA1c,UACR,and the prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications were significantly higher in CA199 positive group than in negative group[(13.12±4.58)vs(10.22±4.01)mmol/L,(10.84±2.58)% vs (8.78±2.22)%,(38.25±3.15) vs (29.09±1.02)mg/g,P<0.05]. Serum albumin level was lower in CA199 positive group than in negative group[(38.59±5.33) vs (40.13±5.63)g/L,P<0.05]. Pearson correlation analysis showed that CA199 was associated with FPG,HbA1c,and serum albumin(r=0.251,0.260,-0.082,P<0.05 or P<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis further found that FPG and HbA1c were the independent risk factors for CA199(β=0.793,0.975,P<0.05). Conclusion The elevated CA199 in T2DM patients correlated with poor glucose control and development of diabetic microvascular complications.

Objective To evaluate the transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2 )and its clinical significance in patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods A total of 222 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)from the Department of endocrinology of Lianyungang First People's Hospital in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study from October 2014 to September 2015.And 50 healthy controls were also selected in this study as control group (NC group). TcPO2 was tested in supine position in all the subjects by TCM400 TcPO2 detector. Patients with T2DM then were divided into two groups according to Nerve conduction velocity (NCV):DPN group (n = 102) and non-DPN group (NDPN group,n = 120).Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were assessed in each group. Results TcPO2 in supine positionwas lower in DPN group than in NC and NDPN group. TcPO2 was positively correlated with diabetes duration,TCSS scores,HbA1 c,SUA,FPG and NCV.Compared with normal TcPO2 group,the prevalence of DPN was increasedin low TcPO2 group,while NCV of motor nerve and sensory nerve were decreasedin low TcPO2 group.Logistic analysis showed that TcPO2 was an independent risk factor for DPN. Conclusion TcPO2 in supine position was decreased in patients with DPN,and is a risk factor for DPN,which may provides valuable information for DPN diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of equol on ERK mediated signal transduction pathway and to clarify its mechanism of proliferation inhibition on human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV-3. Method SKOV-3 cells were treated with 10-8,10-7,10-6,10-5,5?10-5,10-4 mol/L equol for 24,48 and 72h. After pretreatment with 10 ?mol/L U0126 an ERK signaling pathway inhibitor or ICI182,780,estrogen receptor inhibitors for 1h,then treatment with 50 ?mol/L equol for 2h,the cell viability was examined and the expressions of ERK and p-ERK protein were determined using Western blotting. Results Equol was demonstrated to inhibit SKOV-3,proliferation time-and dose-dependently. The expression of p-ERK protein was decreased in dose-dependent manner,while the expression of total ERK was unchanged. Both the single use of U0126,or ICI182,780,and combined with equol could decrease the expression of p-ERK protein. Conclusion Equol could inhibit proliferation in ovarian carcinoma cell lines SKOV-3. Its inhibitory effect appears to be due to down-regulation of p-ERK protein.