Objective: To understand the influencing factors and family burden of bicycle injury among middle school students in Shanghai for bicycle injury prevention. Methods: Based on 1∶2 matched case-control design, students who were injured when cycling were selected from Shanghai student injury case reporting system during Sept. 2017 to Dec. 2018 as the case group. The same-sex control was selected from the same grade in the same school with the case. A total of 61 cases and 122 control were selected. Self-reported questionnaires were conducted by parents of children. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of bicycle injury. Results: Poor eyesight (OR=2.27, 95%CI=1.02-5.07), lots of intersections near the residence (OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.00-3.98), and lots of cyclists near the residence (OR=2.15, 95%CI=1.06-4.36) were positively correlated with bicycle injuries among middle school students. About 34.43% and 8.20% of parents reckon bicycle injuries had a moderate impact on family economic, daily activities and recreational activities. Among the students with bicycle injury, 70.49% of the students were absent from school because of illness, and 36.07% of their parents missed work because of illness. The average absence time for school and working were 10.79 days and 3.03 days respectively. The total economic loss caused by the lack of work was 84 950 yuan, with an average of 1 393 yuan. Conclusion Bicycle injury of middle school students in Shanghai causes certain family burden. Poor eyesight, lots of intersections near the residence, lots of cyclists near the residence are positively correlated with bicycle injuries among middle school students.