Abstract The health of children and adolescents is not only related to the growth and wellbeing of individuals, but also to the construction and development of countries. This study reviewed policies that were issued by the central government since the founding of New China which focused on the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents. The results revealed that, since the founding of New China, policies for the prevention and control of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents increased in number, and they began to focus on specific rather than general health problems. A gradual emphasis was placed on the specific implementation of prevention and control measures, rather than on guiding principles. Increasingly more attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents.

Objective: To construct core information about physical activities of Chinese students aged 7-18 years, so as to provide a reference for impoving the level of adolescents physical activities. Methods: Canadian 24 Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth was used as a framework, the preliminary core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7-18 years were developed based on qualitative research. Recommendations covered three scales, including physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. Physical activity included four subscales of frequency, intensity, duration and type, while sedentary behaviour and sleep only included one subscale. Three rounds of consultation were conducted using Delphi method. In the second round of consultation, the results of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health were presented to experts for reference. In the third round of consultation, experts need to rank the importance of seven items of physical fitness under the physical activity type subscale by age group through analytic hierarchy process. Results: Totally 25, 25, and 18 experts were consulted in three rounds respectively. The questionnaire response rates in 3 rounds were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 94.4%, respectively. The authority coefficients were 0.92, 0.93, and 0.91. The harmony coefficients were 0.63( χ 2=237.10, P <0.01), 0.63( χ 2= 242.60 , P <0.01), and 0.76( χ 2=97.05, P <0.01). It was recommended that students aged 7 to 18 years in China should do moderate to vigorous physical activity for a cumulative total of at least 60 minutes per day, and most of the 60 minutes or more per day should be either moderate or vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity. Of the daily physical activity, students should conduct vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening physical activity on at least 3 days a week. At least 2 hours of daytime outdoor activity was recommended for primary school students and 1 hour for secondary school students. 7-12 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance flexibility, coordination and agility, while 13-18 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance strength, endurance and speed. Sedentary behaviour included one subscale, where students should reduce sedentary behaviour, break up long periods of sitting as often as possible, and limit recreational screen time and online study time. Sleep included one subscale of duration.Students should get sufficient and uninterrupted sleep per night. Conclusion The development of core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7 to 18 might help improve physical activity levels and promote health of children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Non-transport unintentional injuries (NTUIs) are major public concerns, especially among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. With environmental and cognitive changes, a recent systematic description of global trends and regional differences concerning NTUIs is urgently needed for the global agenda of relevant policy-making and intervention target findings. METHODS: We used mortality, population, and socio-demographic-index (SDI) data from Global Burden of Disease 2019 to analyze the trends of NTUIs mortality. We applied the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) to measure the absolute and relative inequality between countries and territories. The concentration curve and concentration index (CI) were also used to measure the inequality. We conducted a sensitivity analysis to make our findings credible. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 205,000 deaths due to NTUIs among children and adolescents aged 5 to 24 years, which decreased from 375,000 in 1990. In 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 8.13 per 100,000, ranging from the lowest in the Netherlands (0.90 per 100,000) to the highest in the Solomon Islands (29.34 per 100,000). The low-middle SDI group had the highest ASMR of NTUIs, while the low SDI group had the slowest decrease. After excluding the death caused by "exposure to forces of nature" and "other unintentional injuries", drowning accounted for the most deaths in almost every SDI group, gender, and age group, but the major causes of death varied in different subgroups. For example, animal contact was a major cause in low and low-middle SDI groups but less in high SDI groups, while high and high-middle SDI groups had a higher proportion of deaths for foreign body and poisonings. The SII showed a declining trend, but the RII and CI did not, which might indicate that inequality was persistent. Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Despite the declining trend of the mortality rate and the narrowing gap between countries, there were still a large number of children and adolescents dying from NTUIs, and those experiencing social-economic disadvantages remained at high mortality. Embedding the prevention of NTUIs into sustainable development goals might contribute to the progress of reducing death and inequalities, which ensures that no one is left behind.
Global Burden of Disease