Objective: To standardize the reporting system on hepatitis B in order to improve the quality of monitoring program in Henan province. Methods: A total of 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance were selected in Xinzheng of Zhengzhou city, Linzhou of Anyang city, Shanyang district of Jiaozuo city, Shaoling district of Luohe city, Yongcheng of Shangqiu city, Pingqiao district of Xinyang city in Henan province. Subjects under study were those reported hepatitis B cases, from 2012 to 2016. Cases diagnosed in 2011 were chosen as controls. Data on classification of hepatitis B, time that HBsAg became positive and ALT value of the cases were analyzed annually. 5 ml venous blood was collected and anti-HBc IgM confirmed test was made for those suspected acute cases on hepatitis B. Based on the 2016 data from the monitoring system, the incidence of acute hepatitis B in Henan province was estimated. Results: The number of reported hepatitis B cases had declined in 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance substantially. A total of 17 436 hepatitis B reported in 2011 but only 2 632 cases were reported in 2016, with a reduction of 84.90%(14 804/17 436) in these six monitoring sites. The number of unclassified hepatitis B cases also dropped sharply. In 2011, 36.87% of the cases were unclassified, but the figure reduced to 0.08% in 2016, from the six sites. The rate on ALT detection also gradually improved. The rate of misdiagnosis on HBV carrier from hepatitis B almost disappeared. From 2013 to 2016, 777 blood samples were collected from six pilot sites. 29.34% (228/777) of the blood samples were tested positive for anti-HBc IgM after confirmed by the hepatitis laboratory of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusions: Since the development of the pilot surveillance program, the quality of reporting system on hepatitis B had been improved, as well as the accuracy of diagnosis. Rate on the accuracy of reporting on hepatitis B and the methods of testing should be improved at the monitoring sites.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance ; Sentinel Surveillance

AIM: To investigate the effects of naringenin on laser-induced experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rat models,ocular blood flow in rabbit eyes and retinal function recovery after ischemic insults in rat eyes.membrane. Naringenin 10g/L(20mg/kg) was given once-daily through intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks after laser treatment. The development of CNV was determined by fluorescein angiography(FA) performed on weeks 2 and 4. The colored microsphere technique and electroretinography method were used for the study of ocular blood flow and retinal function recovery,respectively.RESULTS: The choroidal blood flow in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) rabbit eyes was significantly increased by 10g/L naringenin solution as compared to control group(P<0.05) . The retinal function recovery after ischemic insults in rat eyes indicated significant increase of b-wave recovery in treated group,as compared to control group(P<0.05).The intensity of fluorescein leakage from the photocoagulated lesions decreased significantly in treated group,compared to the control group(75.8%-95.0%,P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Naringenin could prevent the development of CNV on laser-induced experimental rat models,increase the choroidal blood flow in elevated IOP rabbit eyes and be beneficial on retinal function recovery in ischemic rat eyes.

·AIM: Impairment of choroidal perfusion was found in AMD patients. We postulated that vasoactive agents,which can reduce choroidal blood flow resistance, might prevent the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). D-Timolol and L-Timolol are hypotensive agents used in cardiovascular and glaucoma therapy. Their effects on laser-induced experimental CNV rat model and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were thus evaluated.·METHODS: Male Brown Norway rats were anesthetized to receive Nd:YAG laser to break the Bruch's membrane. D-Timolol and L-Timolol were given once daily through intraperitoneal injection after laser treatment for 4wk. Fluorescein angiography was performed on 2wk and 4wk. HUVEC were tested by proliferation assay and adhesion assay with D-Timolol and L-Timolol at different concentrations.· RESULTS: D-Timolol reduced the fluorescein leakage to 83% of the control group in laser-induced rat's CNV model at a dosage of 15mg/(kg·d). L-Timolol had no effect on CNV formation even at a higher dosage of 20mg/(kg·d). D-Timolol inhibited the endothelial cells proliferation significantly by 300mg/L. L-Timolol also significantly inhibited the cell proliferation at 1 000mg/L. But at a lower dose such as 300mg/L, no significant inhibitory effect was found. Both drugs showed no effect on cell adhesion function in cell culture experiments.· CONCLUSION: D-Timolol was found to prevent CNV development in laser-induced model in vivo and inhibit vascular endothelial cells proliferation in vitro. L-Timolol had no effect on cell proliferation at the same dose, and neither on rat CNV model. The results indicate these two isomers have different functions on rat's CNV prevention and on HUVEC cell proliferation.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of line probe assays for drug- resistant tuberculosis (TB) in China. Methods: Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed, VIP Information) and English databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) were used to retrieve the literatures regarding the accuracy of line probe assays in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in China between January 1, 2000 and September 1, 2017. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Sensitivity and specificity in different studies (using drug sensitivity test or gene sequencing as gold standard) were combined by Meta-analysis using bivariate or univariate model. In addition, subgroup analysis (GenoType MTBDRplus, GenoType MTBDRsl and Reverse dot blot hybridization) and sensitivity analysis were also carried out. Results: A total of 24 literatures involving 82 studies were included in the final analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for rifampicin resistant TB were 0.91(0.88-0.94) and 0.98 (0.97-0.99), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for isoniazid resistant TB were 0.80 (0.77-0.83) and 0.98 (0.96-0.99), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for multidrug-resistant TB were 0.81 (0.76-0.85) and 0.99 (0.99-1.00), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for quinolone resistant TB were 0.92(0.88-0.95) and 0.94 (0.91-0.97), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for second-line injectable drug resistant TB (including kanamycin, Capreomycin, amikacin) were 0.79(0.58-0.91) and 0.98 (0.90-1.00), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of line probe assays for extensively drug-resistant TB were 0.46 (0.19-0.75) and 1.00 (0.98-1.00), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the overall diagnostic accuracy of GenoType MTBDRplus and GenoType MTBDRsl was higher than that of Reverse dot blot hybridization. According to the results of sensitivity analysis, the results of this study were robust. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of line probe assays for drug-resistant TB is high.
Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use* ; Biological Assay/methods* ; China ; Humans ; Isoniazid/pharmacology* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification* ; Rifampin/pharmacology* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy*

Objective: To understand the situation related to health seeking and diagnosis of imported malaria and to provide practical measures for malaria elimination in Jiangsu province. Methods: Data on imported malaria cases in Jiangsu province was retrieved in CISDCP from 2014 to 2016. Relevant information on health seeking behavior, diagnosis and treatment of the disease was gathered. Results: A total of 1 068 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu province from 2014 to 2016. Except for one malaria case that was caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all recognized as 'imported'. Majority of the cases were migrant laborers working in African countries. The accurate rates on the diagnosis of ovale, vivax and quartan malaria and mixed infection were relatively low, as 79.3% (107/135), 29.5% (18/61), 52.9% (18/34) and 0.0% (0/2) at the primary health care settings, respectively. Rate of seeking health care on the same day of onset was more in 2015 than in 2014 and 2016 (χ(2)=18.6, P=0.001). While only 65.4% (699/1 068) of the patients were diagnosed correctly at the primary health care settings. There appeared no statistical difference in the 3-year-study period (χ(2)=5.4, P=0.246). Capacity on 'correct diagnosis' seemed stronger at the CDC than at the hospital levels (χ(2)=13.2, P=0.000; χ(2)=5.4, P=0.020). Totally, 72.7% (32/44) of the severe falciparum malaria cases did not immediately seek for health care when the symptoms started. Conclusions: Migrant workers returning from the high endemic malaria areas seemed to have poor awareness in seeking health care services. Capability on correct diagnosis for malaria at the primary health care settings remained unsatisfactory and staff from these settings needs to receive adequate training.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Malaria/transmission* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium/isolation & purification* ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Transients and Migrants ; Travel

Objective: To understand the prevalence of major human parasitic diseases and related factors in Henan province. Methods: This stratified sampling survey was carried out according to the requirement of national survey protocol of major human parasitic diseases, 2014-2015. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection, taeniasis and intestinal protozoiasis were surveyed in 104 sites selected from 35 counties (districts) and the prevalence of clonorchiasis was surveyed in 62 sites selected from 37 townships. In each survey spot, 250 persons were surveyed. A total of 26 866 persons and 15 893 persons were surveyed. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear was used to detect the eggs of intestinal helminthes. Tube fecal culture was used to identify the species of hookworm. The Enterobius eggs were detected in children aged 3 to 6 years by using adhesive tape. The cyst and trophozoite of intestinal protozoa were examined with physiological saline direct smear method and iodine stain method. Results: The overall infestation rate of intestinal parasites was2.02% in Henan, and the worm infection rate was higher than protozoa infection rate. Fourteen kinds of intestinal parasites were found, including nematode (5 species), trematode (2 species), and protozoan (7 species). The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis was highest, and Qinba Mountain ecological area had the highest infestation rate of intestinal parasites in 4 ecological areas of Henan. There was no significant difference in intestinal parasite infection rate between males and females (χ(2)=3.630, P=0.057), and the differences in intestinal parasite infection rate among different age groups had significance (χ(2)=124.783, P=0.000 1). The infection rate reached the peak in age group ≤9 years and the major parasite was Enterobius vermicularis. Furthermore the overall human infection rate of parasite showed a downward trend with the increase of educational level of the people (χ(2)=70.969, P=0.000 1), the differences had significance (χ(2)=120.118, P=0.000 1). For different populations, the infection rate of intestinal parasites was highest among preschool children. The infection of intestinal helminth was mainly mild, only 2 severe cases were detected. The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis in urban residents was only 0.006%. Logistic regression analysis showed that being preschool children (χ(2)=15.765, P=0.000 1) and drinking well water (χ(2)=45.589, P=0.000 1) were the risk factors for intestinal parasite infection, and annual income per capita of farmers was the protective factor against intestinal parasite infection. The infection rates of protozoa and intestinal parasites decreased sharply compared with the results of previous two surveys, and the rate of intestinal helminth infection also dropped sharply compared with the second survey. The numbers of protozoa, helminth and intestinal parasites detected in this survey were all less than the numbers found in the previous two surveys. Conclusions: Compared the results of three surveys in Henan, the infection rate of protozoa and intestinal parasites showed a downward trend. The prevention and treatment of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children should be the key point of parasitic disease control in the future.
Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clonorchiasis/epidemiology* ; Farmers ; Feces/parasitology* ; Female ; Helminthiasis/epidemiology* ; Helminths ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology* ; Male ; Prevalence ; Protective Factors ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Soil Microbiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Taeniasis/epidemiology* ; Trematode Infections/parasitology* ; Urban Population ; Water Wells

Objective: To analyze the effect of colorectal cancer screening in the general population in Guangzhou, and provide evidence for the for development of colorectal cancer screening policy and strategy. Methods: The data of colorectal cancer screening in Guangzhou during 2015- 2016 were collected. The participation, the positive rate of fecal occult blood test, the detection rate of colonoscopy and screening effect of colonoscopy were evaluated. Results: A total of 220 834 residents aged 50-74 years received the screening, and the positive rate of the screening was 16.77% (37 040 cases). Colonoscopy was performed for 7 821 cases (21.12%). Colorectal lesions were found in 4 126 cases (52.76%), of which 614 (7.85%) and 73 (0.93%) and 230 (2.94%) were identified as advanced adenoma, severe dysplasia lesions and colorectal cancers, respectively. The detection rates of all colorectal lesions were higher in men than in women (all P<0.01). The diagnostic rate of early lesion was 87.24%, and 99 early cancer cases were found, accounting for 46.26% of the total cases. The overall screening detection rate of colorectal cancer was 104.15/100 000, higher than the incidence rate (81.18/100 000) in colorectal cancer surveillance (P<0.001), but age group <70 years had higher detection rate, age group ≥70 years had higher incidence rate. Conclusions: The colorectal cancer screening strategy in Guangzhou is effective in the detection of the population at high risk, increase the detection rate of colorectal lesions, early diagnosis rate of precancerous lesions and diagnosis rate of early colorectal cancer. The benefit in those aged ≤69 years was more obvious than that in those aged 70-74 years. It is necessary to improve the compliancy of colorectal cancer screening in population at high risk.
Adenoma/prevention & control* ; Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Colonoscopy/statistics & numerical data* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control* ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Female ; Humans ; Immunochemistry ; Male ; Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data* ; Middle Aged ; Occult Blood ; Predictive Value of Tests

Objective: To explore the characteristics of distribution on Chinese adult body mass index (BMI) in different age groups and genders and to provide reference related to obesity and related chronic diseases. Methods: Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009 were used. Sequential sample cluster method was used to analyze the characteristics of BMI distribution in different age groups and genders by SAS. Results: Our results showed that the adult BMI in China should be divided into 3 groups according to their age, as 20 to 40 years old, 40 to 65 years old, and> 65 years old, in females or in total when grouped by difference of 5 years. For groupings in male, the three groups should be as 20 to 40, 40 to 60 years old and>60 years old. There were differences on distribution between the male and female groups. When grouped by difference of 10 years, all of the clusters for male, female and total groups as 20-40, 40-60 and>60 years old, became similar for the three classes, respectively, with no differences of distribution between gender, suggesting that the 5-years grouping was more accurate than the 10-years one, and BMI showing gender differences. Conclusions: BMI of the Chinese adults should be divided into 3 categories according to the characteristics of their age. Our results showed that BMI was increasing with age in youths and adolescents, remained unchanged in the middle-aged but decreasing in the elderly.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity/ethnology* ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the determination of pyrrotinib concentration in plasma ，and apply it in clinic. METHODS ：After precipitated with methanol ，the plasma sample was determined by LC-MS/MS using imatinib as internal standard. The determination was performed on Ultimate AQ-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol （containing 0.1％ formic acid ）and water （containing 0.1％ formic acid ）（gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The column temperature was 40 ℃，and the sample size was 5 µL. The ion source was electrospray ionization source ，and the positive ion scanning was carried out in multiple reaction mode. The ion pairs for quantitative analysis were m/z 583.4→138.3（pyrrotinib）and m/z 494.5→ 393.4（internal standard ），respectively. Thirty breast cancer patients taking pyrrotinib were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University during Jun.-Nov. 2020 to determine their steady-state trough concentrations of pyrrotinib after a week of treatment. RESULTS ：The linear range of pyrrotinib were 5-300 ng/mL（r＝0.999 3）. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day were not higher than 9.30％，and relative errors （REs）ranged －6.70％-5.04％. REs of stability tests were in the range of －1.92％-5.42％. The extraction method ，matrix effect and residual effect did not affect the quantitative analysis of the substance to be tested. The steady-state trough concentrations of pyrrotinib were 32.6-82.8 ng/mL，with an average plasma concentration of 53.8 ng/mL；there was about 2.54 fold individual difference. CONCLUSIONS ：Established LC-MS/MS method is simple ，sensitive and accurate ，and can be used for the plasma concentration monitoring of pyrrotinib in breast cancer patient.

OBJECTIV E To study composition an d content changes of volatile components during the bleaching process of Atractylodis macrocephala with the water of washing rice. METHODS The raw products of A. macrocephala and bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were prepared （in the first and second stages ，raw products were bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 12 h and 24 h，respectively；in the third ，fourth and fifth stages ，the raw products were firstly bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleached with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12，24 and 48 h，respectively）；the bleaching temperature was set at 26 ℃. The volatile components of raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were qualitatively analyzed by using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relative percentage of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. RESULTS A total of 49 volatile components were identified from raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages，including 20 common volatile components such as terpinolene ，cyperene and atractylon ，etc. Among them ，33，31，28， 30，28 and 29 volatile components were identified from the raw products of A. macrocephala and the bleached products of the first to fifth stages ，the relative percentages of which were 66.218％ ，64.711％ ，79.410％ ，65.419％ ，67.101％ ，66.818％ ， respectively；among them ，the relative percentage of atractylon in bleached products was the highest in the fourth stage （41.206％），but was the lowest in the third stage （35.926％）. Compared with the raw product ，16 volatile components such as pethylbrene and β-vetivenen were added in the bleaching process ，while 8 volatile components such as ethyl palmitate and β-maaliene were not detected. However ，5 volatile components including 11-rotundene and （－）-valeranone in the bleaching process showed a trend of disappearance-emergence and disappearance-emergence-disappearance. CONCLUSIONS In the third stage，the total relative percentage of each volatile component and the relative percentage of representative dry component as ， atractylone are the lowest in bleached products of A. ； macrocephala，i.e. the bleaching technology of relieving the dry property of A. macrocephala e with the water of washing rice is bleaching with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleaching with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12 h.