Objective: To carry out a quantitative estimate that related to the effects of short-term exposure to PM(2.5) on all-cause mortality and emergency visits in China by using the systematic review and Meta-analysis. Methods: We selected all the studies published before March 2018 from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, PubMed and EMBASE and data on relative risk (RR), excess risk (ER) and their 95%CIs: appeared in these papers were extracted. According to the differences in the size or direction (heterogeneity) of the results, we computed summary estimates of the effect values using a random-effect or fixed effect model. We also conducted the subgroup analysis and Meta-analysis to have assessed the selected studies for the evidence of study bias. Results: A total of 33 original studies, indexed in databases, were identified. Among those studies, 39 sets of data on mortality and 4 sets of data on emergency were valid to show that within the daily concentration range from 47.7 to 176.7 μg/m(3), for 10 μg/m(3) increases in PM(2.5) concentrations, it would increase the daily numbers of deaths by 0.49% (95%CI: 0.39%-0.59%) and 0.30% (95%CI: 0.10%-0.51%) for all-cause deaths and all-cause emergency-room visits, respectively. For subgroup analysis, the combined effect of PM(2.5) in causing short-term all-cause deaths in the northern areas (ER=0.42%, 95%CI: 0.30%-0.54%) seemed lower than that in the southern areas (ER=0.63%, 95%CI: 0.44%-0.82%). The combined effect of PM(2.5) concentration below 75 μg/m(3) (ER=0.50%, 95%CI: 0.37%-0.62%) was higher than that of PM(2.5) concentration ≥75 μg/m(3) (ER=0.39%, 95%CI: 0.26%-0.52%). Conclusion: Within the concentration range from 47.7 to 176.7 μg/m(3), short-term exposure to current level of PM(2.5) might increase both the all-cause daily mortality and daily emergency visits in China.
Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data* ; China ; Databases, Factual ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data* ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Particulate Matter/toxicity* ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE：To establish t he metho d for the content determination of pulegone in Schizonepetae tenuifolia decoction pieces and its compound preparation. METHODS ：Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction coupled with HPLC （HF-LPME-HPLC） was adopted. Based on single factor tests ，HF-LPME condition of S. tenuifolia decoction pieces and its compound preparation （taking Compound S. tenuifolia granule as an expample ） was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology using pulegone enrichment multiple as index ，with the concentration of sample phase solution （NaCl），extraction time and stirring speed as factors. Validation test was conducted. HPLC method was adopted to determine the content of pulegone. The determination was performed on Hypersil C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol- 0.3％ phosphoric acid （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 252 nm，the column temperature was 25 ℃. The sample size was 20 μL. The feasibility of HF-LPME-HPLC method established in this study was validated by using HPLC method stated in the item of S. tenuifolia decoction pieces in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）as reference. RESULTS ：The optimum HF-LPME conditions included n-nonanol as the extraction solvent ，sample phase solution with 11％ NaCl and pH value of 7，stirring speed of 800 r/min，extraction time of 36 min. Results of HPLC methodology investigation showed that linear range of pulegone were 0.05-5 μg/mL（r＝0.999 0）. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.4 and 1.3 ng/mL，respectively. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.8％-4.0％ and 1.5％-4.1％（n＝3），respectively. RSDs of reproducibility and stability tests （24 h）were all lower than 8％（n＝6）. Average recoveries of S. tenuifolia decoction pieces and Compound S. tenuifolia granule were 102.6％-105.1％ and 97.2％-102.3％，respectively；RSDs were not higher than 4.1％ and 6.2％（n＝3）. The average contents of pulegone in S. tenuifolia decoction pieces determined by pharmacopoeia method and established method were 0.84 mg/g（RSD＝4.3％ ，n＝3）and 0.87 mg/g（RSD＝5.5％ ，n＝3），respectively，with no significant difference （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：The established HF-LPME-HPLC method can enrich and concentrate pulegone ， shows strong purification ability and high sensitivity ，and can be used to determine the contents of pulegone in S. tenuifolia decoction pieces and its compound preparation.

Objective: To analyze the trend of suicide mortality in residents of Hainan province, and explore the application of time sequence model in the prediction of the mortality of suicide. Methods: The mortality data of suicide in residents of Hainan province between January, 2014 and December, 2016 were collected and analyzed with time sequence model and the mortality rate of suicide during January-June, 2017 in Hainan was predicted with the model. Results: During January, 2014 to June 2017, a total of 576 suicide cases were reported in Hainan, the mortality rate was 1.5/100 000. The established ARIMA model had good fitting for the suicide mortality in previous times and the prediction result was quite similar to the actual mortality, the predicted mortality rate was within the 95% confidence interval of the actual rate. Conclusion: The time sequence model for the prediction of suicide mortality in Hainan was "ARIMA (0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 0) (12)" , and the prediction effect of the model was better, which can be used to predict the suicide mortality in Hainan.
China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Models, Statistical ; Mortality/trends* ; Suicide/trends*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate whether deletion of chromosome 14q is involved in the carcinogenesis of primary glioblastoma multiforme and to identify possibly common deletion regions. METHJODS: Fourteen fluorescent dye-labeled polymorphic markers were used and polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis was employed to investigate loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 14q in 20 primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

RESULTSTen of twenty (50%) GBM displayed LOH at one or more of the markers on chromosome 14q. Five tumors showed either LOH or non-informative on all markers tested. The most frequent LOH was observed at locus D14S65 (57.1%) on 14q32.1, and in the chromosomal region spanning from D14S63 (47.1%) to D14S74 (46.7%) on 14q23-31. None of the informative loci exhibited microsatellite instability.

CONCLUSIONSAllelic deletion on chromosome 14q plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GBM. Chromosomal regions at locus D14S65 on 14q32.1 and spanning from D14S63 to D14S74 on 14q23-31 may harbor multiple tumor suppressor genes associated with GBM.

Adult ; Aged ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 ; Female ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Glioblastoma ; genetics ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo reveal the molecular genetic mechanisms for the pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM) and determine which chromosomes or chromosomal regions may play a role in the pathogenesis of GBM or may harbor tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) associated GBM.

METHODSAn allelotype study of 21 cases of GBM was performed by polymerase chain reaction and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis. Three hundred and eighty-two microsatellite markers covering all 22 autosomes were used. The mean genetic distance between two flanking markers is about 10 cM. Fluorescent dye-labeled primers and Perkin Elmer 377 DNA Sequencer were applied.

RESULTSLOH was observed on all chromosomal arms examined in this study. The LOH frequencies of 10q, 10p, 13q, 17p and 9p were the highest (>50%), on which high LOH frequencies were detected at the regions resided by the known TSGs including PTEN, DMBT1, p16, p15, p53 and Rb. The following commonly deleted regions were detected: 9p22-23, 10p12.2-14, 10q21.3, 13q12.1-14.1, 13q14.3-31, 17p11.2-12, 17p13, 3q24-27, 11p12-13, 14q31-32.3, 14q21-24.1, 22q13.2-13.3, 4q35, 4q31.1-31.2, 6qtel, 6q16.3.

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that the pathogenesis of GBM is very complicated and associated with various molecular genetic abnormalities on lots of chromosomes. The chromosomal arms most closely relevant to the pathogenesis of GBM are 10q, 10p, 9p, 17p and 13q. Besides the well-known TSGs, such as PTEN, DMBT1, p16, p15, p53 and Rb, multiple unknown TSGs associated with GBM may be present on the commonly deleted regions observed for the first time in this study.

Adult ; Aged ; Chromosomes, Human ; genetics ; DNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; genetics ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUNDFalls are the most frequently reported adverse events in inpatient settings. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of inpatient falls within aged care wards in a tertiary hospital to investigate the associated characteristics of elderly patients suffering from falls and fall-related characteristics.

METHODSConsecutive retrospective cross-sectional design spanned July 2006 to December 2008.

PATIENT GROUPInformation on all aged care inpatients who suffered from 1 or more falls was extracted from Incident Information Management System (IIMS). Further details about the particular admission(s) were obtained from patients' medical records, e.g., patients' characteristics and circumstances surrounding the falls. Randomly selected aged care patients who did not suffer from a fall and who were discharged from the hospital in the same period served control group. Characteristics among patients with single fall and recurrent falls, as well as non-fallers were compared.

RESULTSOf the 438 falls evaluated, 71.9% occurred in patients' room and 18.9% in patients' bathroom/toilet. The common activities were moving/transferring and taking shower/toileting, respectively, 70.3%, 12.1% while occurring falls; and time of falls had a high peak during 9:00-11:00 a.m. Many were unassisted while falling. The common contributing factors for fall were intrinsic factors. Patients with recurrent falls were more likely to have lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Logistic regression analysis showed length of stay longer than five weeks, dementia and stroke were independent risk factors for recurrent falls; and living in hostel/nursing home preadmission, needing assistance with mobility, cognitive impairment, stroke, incontinence and arthritis/osteoporosis were independent risk factors for fall.

CONCLUSIONSIn an aged care ward, falls are independently associated with recurrent factors. Cognitive impairment/dementia was a strong risk factor for falls, and main causes leading to fall were intrinsic factors. For patients with cognitive impairment/dementia and behavioral disorder providing special and effective interventions is of paramount importance for reducing the incidence of fall in an aged care ward in hospital settings.

Accidental Falls ; statistics & numerical data ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing Homes ; statistics & numerical data ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Objective: To understand the current overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Methods: According to the scheme design of the questionnaires, all the National Demonstration Areas were involved in this study. For each National Demonstration Areas, eight departments were selected to complete a total of 12 questionnaires. Results: Scores related to the implementation of the National Demonstration Areas accounted for 71.8% of the total 170 points. Based on the scores gathered from this study, the 23-items-index-system that represented the status of project implementation was classified into seven categories. Categories with higher percentile scores would include: monitoring (88.0%), safeguard measures (75.0%), health education and health promotion (75.0%). Categories with lower percentile scores would include: the national health lifestyle actions (67.7%), community diagnosis (66.7%), discovery and intervention of high-risk groups (64.7%), and patient management (60.9%). There were significant differences noticed among the eastern, central and western areas on items as safeguard measures, health education/promotion, discovery and intervention of high-risk groups. In all, the implementation programs in the eastern Demonstration Areas seemed better than in the central or western regions. As for the 23 items, five of the highest scores appeared on policy support, mortality surveillance, tumor registration, reporting system on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events, and on tobacco control, respectively. However, the lowest five scores fell on healthy diet, patient self-management program, oral hygiene, setting up the demonstration units and promotion on basic public health services, respectively. The overall scores in the eastern region was higher than that in the central or the western regions. The scores in the central and western regions showed basically the same. Conclusions: The overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas was satisfactory. Future attention should be focusing on patient management as well as discovery and intervention of high-risk groups, which also presented the lowest scores, in this survey.
China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Promotion/organization & administration* ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control* ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Population Surveillance ; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration* ; Program Evaluation ; Public Health ; United States

Objective: To estimate the health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) of adults in Zhejiang province and evaluate the health status of the adults. Methods: This study was based on the mortality data collected from Zhejiang Chronic Disease Surveillance Information and Management System, and mortality rates from the underreporting survey and self-reported health data in 2016. Hierarchical Ordered Probit (HOPIT) model was used to estimate the severity-weighted prevalence of disability. Sullivan's method was used to calculate the HALE. Results: After adjustment by HOPIT model, the severity-weighted prevalence of disability increased significantly with age (χ(2)=5 795.81,P<0.001), and it was higher in females than in males (χ(2)=5 353.27, P<0.001). The life expectancy and self-evaluated HALE were 59.08 years and 48.68 years, respectively, in those aged ≥20 years, the difference was 10.40 years due to disability. The proportion of HALE loss due to disability in the total life expectancy was 17.61%, and it increased with age. HALE was higher in males than in females (49.21 years vs. 48.14 years), and in urban residents than in rural residents (49.92 years vs. 47.43 years). Conclusion: The proportion of loss of HALE in the total life expectancy in adults was high in Zhejiang, and it higher in males than in females, in urban residents than rural residents. Programs on improving health care in women and rural residents should be promoted.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/ethnology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Sex Distribution

Objective: To explore the relationship between different dimensions of infectious disease-specific health literacy scale in China. Methods: Structural equation model (SEM) was employed to assess the psychometric properties of the infectious disease-specific health literacy scale. Based on the database from a randomly selected sample of 4 499 adult residents in three provinces in China, from March to May 2015. AMOS 21.0 software was used to build the SEM for data analyses. Results: SEM analyses showed a good model fit of data, with the following satisfied parameters: goodness-of-fit index was 0.969, adjusted goodness-of-fit index was 0.962, root mean square residual was 0.038, root mean square error of approximation was 0.038, standardized root mean square residual was 0.032, Tacker-Lewis index/non-normed fit index was 0.926, comparative fit index was 0.934, normed fit index was 0.925, relative fit index was 0.915, incremental fit index was 0.934, parsimony goodness-of-fit index was 0.782, parsimony-adjusted normed fit index was 0.817, parsimony-adjusted comparative fit index was 0.825 and critical N was 702. The established SEM showed that the total influence path coefficient of "infectious disease-related knowledge and values" on the "infectious disease prevention" , "management or treatment of infectious diseases" and "identification of infection sources" were 0.771, 0.744 and 0.843, respectively. The total influence path coefficients of "identification of infection sources" , "infectious disease prevention" on "management or treatment of infectious diseases" were 0.164 and 0.535, respectively. The effect of "infectious disease-related knowledge and values" on "management or treatment of infectious diseases" appeared the greatest (55.4%), followed by "infectious disease prevention" (28.6%) and "identification of infection sources" (2.7%). Conclusion: This SEM could be optimistically used for planning and evaluation of health education and promotion programs on infectious diseases prevention.
Adult ; China ; Health Literacy ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires