The proposal to promote the commercialization of new insect-resistant GM cotton,GM corn and other major products in 13th Five Year Plan on National Science and Technology Innovation ,has put forward a test to the government's ability to manage GM crops cultivation.Only a few species of GM crops,not including food crops,have been commercialized in China,we lack experience in GM crops cultivation management.Taking USA,where the farmers cultivate huge areas of GM crops,as a comparison object,the examination and approval procedures before cultivation,GM crop growers' obligation of the management,the methods to reduce mingling of GM crops and non-GM crops are compared.And concludes that the differences in legal status of GM crops,the intellectual property regime and labeling regulation,the ability of relative stakeholders to implement segregation measures and bear loss lead to different regulation on GM crops cultivation management in USA and China.The government combine the domestic current situation of the agricultural environment in our country,and focus on substantial risk in the safety management of GM crops in cultivation management is advised.The competent department of agriculture,researchers and seed traders should work together to help guide growers to avoid the economic disputes due to mingling and reduce the impact on the ecological environment.

Objective To observe the changes of retinal morphology and function of macular-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after scleral bulking.Methods In this prospective study,42 eyes of 41 patients who underwent scleral bulking were enrolled.There were 26 males (27 eyes) and 15 females (15 eyes),with an average age of (33.78± 11.21) years.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),intraocular pressure,indirect ophthalmoscope,visual fields,optical coherence tomography (OCT) and B scan of ocular ultrasound were measured for all patients.The average BCVA was 0.29±0.18.The retinal detachment time was (21.12±3.71) days.The mean visual field defect (MD) was (13.54±6.44) dB.The mean loss variance (LV) was (8.43±2.11) dB.All the patients were performed cryotherapy and sub-choroidal fluid drain out.The mean follow up was 12.4 months (from 6 to 24 months).At two weeks,1,3,6,12 months after surgery,the changes of BCVA,visual fields,retinal morphology and subretinal fluid were observed.Results Indirect ophthalmoscope combined with B scan showed the time of retinal reattachment was (7.32±2.53) days.Subretinal fluid was found completely absorbed by OCT with a mean of (7.82±3.52) months.At 12 months after surgery,subretinal fluid was completely absorbed in 37 eyes (88.10％).In these 37 eyes,15 eyes had normal retinal microstructure,5 eyes had neuroepithelial cystoid edema; 12 eyes had disrupted inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction,and 5 eyes had disrupted IS/ OS and external limiting membrane (ELM).BCVA at 6 months after surgery was no significant difference with that at 12 months after surgery (t=-0.636,P=0.529).At 12 months after surgery,there were4 retinal patterns on OCT examination,including normal retinal microstructure,neuroepithelial cystoid edema,IS/OS line disruption,and IS/OS and ELM disruption.The BCVA difference among these 4 groups was significant (F =52.42,P ＜ 0.05).The BCVA difference between eyes with or without residual subretinal fluid was significant (t=-5.747,P=0.000).At 1,2 weeks and 1,3,6,12 months after surgery,the MDwere (11.38±2.53),(10.14±2.19),(9.17±2.13),(6.63±1.70),(5.71±1.89),(5.14± 1.69) dB respectively,with a significant difference between these time-points (F=63.528,P =0.00).However,the MD at 6 months after surgery was no significant difference with that at 12 months after surgery (t=1.442,P=0.157).At 12 months after surgery,there were 12 eyes with normal MD,30eyes with higher MD.There was no significant difference between surgery eyes with higher MD and fellow eyes in MD (t =-1.936,P =0.06).The MD value was positively correlated to the time of retinal detachment in patients with normal retinal microstructure (r=0.84,P =0.00).There were differences in LV during different periods after surgery (F=57.25,P =0.00).Conclusions The retinal microstructure,visual acuity,visual fields were gradually improved after scleral bulking.The patients had better vision with normal retinal microstructure.The time of retinal detachment positively correlated with visual fields damage.

OBJECTIVE:To improve HPLC for content determination of ketoprofen in Ketoprofen enteric-coated capsules. METHODS:HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Chiralpak IC column with mobile phase consisted of n-hexane (0.1% TFA)-isopropanol(90:10,V/V)at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 268 nm,and column temperature was 25 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. RESULTS:The linear range of ketoprofen were 0.025-0.5 mg/mL(r=0.9998). The limit of quantitation was 1.0 mg/L,and limit of detection was 0.2 mg/L. RSDs of precision,stability and reproduc-ibility tests were lower than 2%;recoveries were 96.36%-100.32%(RSD=1.87%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is sim-ple,accurate and rapid,and can be used for the content determination of ketoprofen in Ketoprofen enteric-coated capsules.

Objective To study the effects of prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein ( Pup)-proteasome system on the growth of Mycobacterium strains.Methods The genes encoding Pup ( pup gene) and protea-someβsubunit ( prcB gene) were respectively knocked out from Mycobacterium smegmatis ( M.sm) strains by homologous recombination.The growth and viability of the wild-type and mutant strains of M.sm were an-alyzed under normal culture condition and under hypoxia as well as anaerobic conditions.Results The pup and prcB genes were completely and precisely knocked out from M.sm strains and the mutant strains were named △SM-Pup and△SM-prcB, respectively.The△SM-Pup strains grew faster than the wild type ( WT) and△SM-prcB strains.No significantly differences in the growth of M.sm were found between the WT and△SM-prcB strains.Conclusion The Pup-proteasome system was involved in the growth of M.sm, espe-cially the pup gene.There was difference between pup and prcB genes in regulating the growth of M.sm.The functions and influences of Pup-proteasome system still need further investigation.

Objective To observe the efficacy of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) for different patterns of optical coherence tomography (OCT) of diabetic macular edema and the relationship between integrity of ellipsoidal zone and visual acuity outcomes.Methods Eighty-five IVR treated eyes were enrolled.The examination of BCVA was according to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study,and the results were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR).Frequency-domain OCT was used to measure the central foveal thickness (CFT) and the integrity of ellipsoidal zone.All eyes were classified as diffuse macular edema (DRT group,31 eyes),cystoid macular edema (CME group,29 eyes),and serous retinal detachment (SRD group,25 eyes).All the patients were treated with intravitreal injection of 0.05 ml (0.5 mg) ranibizumab.The mean follow-up time was (9.21+3.56) months after IVR treatment.The changes of BCVA and CFT in 3 groups were compared and analyzed after 3,6 and 12 months.According to visual acuity at different ranges,the relationship between integrity of ellipsoidal zone and BCVA was analyzed.Results Compared with the average logMAR BCVA before treatment,except for 12 months after treatment in group SRD (t=2.104,P=0.053),the average logMAR BCVA after IVR at 3 months,6 months and 12 months improved in DRT group (t=7.847,6.771,6.426;P=0.000,0.000,0.000),CME group (t=8.560,6.680,5.082;P=0.000,0.000,0.000) and SRD group (t=5.161,3.968,2.104;P=0.000,0.001,0.053).The average logMAR BCVA of the DRT group was lesser than that in CME and SRD group after 12 months treatment (t=-2.043,-3.434;P=0.030,0.001).The average CFT after IVR at 3 months,6 months and 12 months reduced significantly in DRT group (t=12.746,10.687,9.425;P=0.000,0.000,0.000),CME group (t=13.400,11.460,10.169;P=0.000,0.000,0.000),and SRD group (t=1 1.755,10.100,9.173;P=0.000,0.000,0.000).After 12 months of treatment,the average CFT of the SRD group was thicker than that in DRT group and CME group (t=-3.251,-1.227;P=0.003,0.025);there was significant difference in the integrity of ellipsoidal zone among 3 groups (x2=1.267,P=0.531).The results showed that there were significant differences in the integrity of ellipsoidal zone with different ranges of BCVA before and after 12 months treatment (x2=20.145,41.035;P=0.000,0.000).Conclusions IVR could significantly improve the visual acuity of different patterns of DME,reduced the CFT,and had the best efficacy in the DRT group.There was relationship between the integrity of ellipsoidal zone and the visual acuity outcomes.

Objective o observe the expression of Notch1 and Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) on the fibrovascular membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR),and investigate its relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).Methods Fifty-seven PDR patients (60 eyes) who underwent vitrectomy were enrolled in this study.The PDR patients were divided into non-injection group (30 patients,32 eyes) and injection group (27 patients,28 eyes).The eyes in injection group received intravitreal injection with ranibizumab at 2 to 7 days before surgery.The preretinal fibrovascular membranes were obtained from the PDR patients during vitrectomy.Eighteen epiretinal membranes were obtained from the non-diabetic patients was served as controls.The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical methods were used to detecting the expression ofNotch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2.In the meantime,the numbers of the nucleus of vascular endothelial cells in the membranes stained with hematoxylin were counted.Results The immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were positive expression ofNotch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2 in all PDR membranes,regardless of the injection of the ranibizumab.The levels ofNotch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2 protein in non-injection group were higher than those of injection group (t=3.45,6.01,4.08;P=0.030,0.008,0.023).In injection group,the number of endothelial cells in the membranes reduced (17.17 ± 2.48) compared with that of the non-injection group (41.50± 5.57).There was significant difference in the number of endothelial cells in the membranes between the two groups (t=9.58,P＜0.05).RT-PCR showed that the differences of the mRNA expression ofNotch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2 were all statistically significant among the PDR group and control group (H=12.50,12.50,12.02;P＜0.05).The expression ofNotch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2 in the PDR membranes was higher than that of epiretinal membranes from non-diabetic patients.In the PDR group,the expression of Notch1,Dll4 and VEGFR2 of non-injection group was higher than that of injection group.Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of mRNA between VEGFR2 and Dll4 (r=0.83),VEGFR2 and Notch1 (r=0.81),Notch1 and Dll4 (r=0.87) were all significantly correlated (P＜0.05).Conclusions The expression of Notch1 and Dll4 in the PDR membranes are higher than that of the control group,and it is positively correlated with the expression of the VEGFR2.Notchl and Dll4 play a regulatory rule in the neovascularization in PDR,the acting way may be correlated with VEGFR2.

Objective To observe the effect of different concentration netrin-1 on retinal vascular permeability in diabetes mellitus (DM) rats.Methods Eighty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups,10 rats in each group,including normal control group (group A),normal+balanced salt solution (BSS) group (group B),normal+netrin-1 (500 μg/ml) group (group C) and DM group (50 rats in 5 subgroups).DM rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin.Three months after intraperitoneal injection,10 DM rats in the control group were injected with BSS (group D).Forty DM rats were injected with 5 μl of different concentrate netrin-1,and were divided into DM+netrin-1 10 μg/ml group (group E),DM+netrin-1 50 μg/ml group (group F),DM+netrin-1 100 μg/ml group (group G),DM+netrin-1 500 μg/ml group (group H)according to the different concentration.Non-DM rats in group C were injected with netrin-1 500 μg/ml.The expression of occludin was determined by immunohistochemistry for protein,and by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for mRNA level.Retinal vascular permeability was measured by Evans blue infusion.Results The expression of occludin protein and mRNA in group D were less than group A (t=27.71,8.59;P=0.00,0.00).However,the retinal vascular permeability increased in group D (t=-42.72,P=0.00).The expression of occluding protein,occludin mRNA and retinal vascular permeability showed significant differences between group D,E,F,G and H (F=146.31,16.54,67.77;P=0.00,0.00,0.00).Compared the group B with group C,there was no significant differences between the expression of occludin protein,occludin mRNA and the retinal vascular permeability (t=-1.13,0.93,1.04;P=0.27,0.36,0.31).The concentrate of netrin-1 showed a significant positive correlation to the expression level of occludin and occludin mRNA (r=0.73,0.81;P=0.00,0.00),but negative correlation to the vascular permeability (r=-0.61,P=0.00).Conclusion Netrin-1 can reduce the DM rats' retinal vascular permeability,which depended on the concentration of netrin-1.

Objective To investigate the immune protection of heparin-hinding hemagglutinin ad-hesin(HBHA) and to estimate its potential diagnostic value. Methods Native HBHA were used to stimu-late peripheral blood mononuelear cells (PBMCs) from different infected-cases including PPD negative healthy control, PPD positive latent tuberculosis(LTB) infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, and the IFN-γ/in the supernatant of culture was detected. Meanwhile, HBHA specific IgG antibody in the sera was detected by ELISA. Results The middle level of HBHA specific IFN-γ of the three groups were 49.5 pg/ml, 781.9 pg/ml and 341.8 pg/ml, respectively. IFN-γ of latent tuberculosis group was much higher than that of the control, and slightly higher than that of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. And the absorbency of the IgG antibody to HBHA in the three groups was 0.212±0.066, 0.224 ± 0.076 and 0.285±0.078. lgG an-tibody in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is higher than that of the healthy, including the control and the latent tuberculosis infection. Conclusion HBHA has good immunogenieity, and it can stimulate the LTB to release high level IFN-γ, suggests that the LTB doesn't develop active tuberculosis may rely on its protection. HBHA specific. IFN-γ release may identify 1,333 from the healthy. Anti-HBHA antibody plays an auxiliary role in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective To strengthen the ability of clinical thinking and the ability to solve practical clinical problems for medical students.Methods Medical undergraduates studying in affiliated hospitals of Tongji university from 2005 to 2010 were enrolled The clinical thinking training and assessment in clinical teaching were enhanced by introducing problem-based learning,case-based learning and by strengthening the role of interns in clinical work and emphasizing clinical thinking ability assessment during various kinds of clinical skills examinations.Meanwhile,the teaching management and supervision were improved.The awareness and ability of clinical teachers to train students′ clinical thinking were aroused and cultivated through teaching staff training so as to ensure that clinical thinking training and assessment were involved in the whole process of clinical teaching.Results The students' abilities of self-study,scientific thinking and oral expression were improved.The passing rates of our graduates in national general medical practitioner test were increasing yearly from 2006 to 2008.Conclusion Strengthening clinical thinking ability training during clinical teaching plays an active role in improving clinical skills in medical students.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection, resulting in birth defects such as microcephaly. In this study, RT-PCR and Western Blotting were performed to quantify the regulation of endogenic nerve growth factor expression in neuroglia cells by HCMV infection. The results showed that basal, endogenous NGF expression in U251 was unchanged during early HCMV infection. NGF expression is strongly down-regulated during the latent phase of infection. These results suggest that HCMV can depress the NGF expression in U251 cells.