Since the occurrence of the first case of "egg freezing for single women" in China, it has aroused different discussions and thoughts from all walks of life. Through the ethical analysis of the four principles of bioethics, this paper found a reasonable ethical basis for single women’s egg freezing. From the perspective of favorable principle, egg freezing could temporarily preserve women’s fertility, which is conducive to women’s better realization of their own personal value and social values. From the perspective of no harm principle, no harm is relative, and the harm brought by egg freezing technology is within the acceptable and permissible range. From the perspective of justice principle, whether there is gender discriminatory in that men could freeze their sperm but women have many restrictions on egg freezing. From the principle of respect for autonomy, whether to choose egg freezing is a manifestation of women’s autonomy rights, which should be respected. This paper tried to propose corresponding solutions to the ethical and legal issues caused by the permission of egg freezing from the legal perspective, the medical ethics committee’s responsibilities, and the ethical level.

Since the 21st century, with the rapid development of biomedicine, research and discussion on human-animal chimerism technology have attracted wide attention. The general research of human-animal chimeras is to introduce human stem cells into animal embryos that remove organ genes, aiming to cultivate human organs in human-animal chimeras to solve the shortage of human organ donors and provide experimental materials for the development of related scientific research. However, due to its technology involves cross-species genetic modification, which destroys the species boundary and the naturalness of ecological niche, it has caused various ethical issues such as threatening species safety and harming human dignity. The development of human-animal chimerism technology is the choice of the times for technological progress, with its inevitability and rationality. It should not be absolutely prohibited, but must abide by the ethical principles such as safety, benefit, respect, and justice, and operate harmoniously under strict and orderly ethical norms.

Objective To explore the safety and effectiveness of Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL)in the treatment of upper urinary stones in uygur children.Methods Retrospectively analyzed the date 158 cases of upper urinary stones in children treated by MPCNL in xinjiang hotan people's hospital from March to December 2016,117 cases of males and 41 cases of females,aged from 5 months to 14 years (average:2.59 years),including 112 cases of 5 months to 3 years old and 46 cases of 3 to 14 years old.There were 69 cases on the left,67 cases on the right and 22 cases on both sides.The average stone size was 2.3 cm × 1.8 cm.According to the size of the calculi,the percutaneous renal channel was selected between 12-18 F,the energy was selected for holmium laser lithotripsy,no perfusion pump was used and the hydrostatic pressure was controlled at 50 to 70 cm water column.Double J tube and renal fistula were placed postoperatively in 139 children;15 cases were not treated with renal fistula and 4 cases were completely free of tubulization.To observe the number and proportion of children with fever before and after operation.For multiple stones,use the accumulative maximum diameter calculation.To observe the changes of blood routine indexes before and after surgery,as well as operation time,puncture site,channel size and number,length of hospital stay,stone removal rate,stone composition and other postoperative complications.Counting data was expressed as a rate (％),and comparison between groups was performed by chi-square test.Results A total of 180 cases were successfully operated on kidney MPCNL.No complications above ClavienⅡ occurred.Two cases were treated with 1 unit of postoperative erythrocyte transfusion.The time of unilateral operation was 15 to 85 minutes with an average of 35 minutes.The first-stage stone clearance rate was 88.6％ (140/158) and the total stone clearance rate was 92.4％ (146/158).Postoperative hospitalization ranged from 3 to 8 days with an average of 6.2 days.Condusion MPCNL was used to treat upper urinary stones with high efficiency and safety and little damage for children with large stones or combined with water accumulation.Some appropriate children can be free of renal fistula or complete absence of tubulization to facilitate the recovery of children.

Objective To investigate effects of polyphylin Ⅰ on the proliferation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell line A375,and to explore their mechanisms.Methods Normal human melanocytes isolated from healthy human foreskin were divided into 6 groups to be treated with 0,1.5,3.0,6.0,9.0,12.0 mg/L polyphyllin Ⅰ respectively.A375 melanoma cells were divided into 4 groups,i.e.,control group,1.5-,3.0-,6.0-mg/L polyphyllin Ⅰ groups,to be treated with 0,1.5,3.0,6.0 mg/L polyphyllin Ⅰ,respectively.Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was performed to evaluate the effect of polyphyllin Ⅰ on the proliferation of normal human melanocytes and A375 cells.Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining was conducted to observe the morphology of apoptotic cells,flow cytometry to estimate cell cycle phase distribution and apoptosis rate,dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe assay to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS),rhodamine-123 staining to evaluate changes of mitochondrial membrane potential,spectrophotography to detect the level of ATP in A375 cells,as well as levels of lactic acid and glucose in the culture supernatant of A375 cells,and Western blot analysis to determine the protein expression of Bcl-2,Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax),cleaved-caspase-3,cyclin D1 and pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2).Statistical analysis was carried out by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparisons among groups and Student-Newman-Keuls-q (SNK-q) test for multiple comparisons.Results CCK8 assay showed that the treatment with polyphyllin Ⅰ at concentrations of 1.5,3.0,6.0 mg/L for 48 hours had no effects on the proliferation of normal human melanocytes,but significantly inhibited the proliferation of A375 cells.The survival rate of A375 cells was significantly lower in the 1.5-,3.0-,6.0-mg/L polyphyllin Ⅰ groups than in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).After the treatment with polyphyllin Ⅰ,distinct apoptotic morphology of A375 cells was observed under fluorescence microscope.Additionally,along with the increase of polyphyllin Ⅰ concentrations (0,1.5,3.0,6.0 mg/L),there were gradual increasing trends in the apoptosis rate of A375 cells (4.25％ ± 1.27％,10.03％ ± 1.49％,36.62％ ± 1.97％,44.11％ ± 2.47％ respectively,F =665.7,P ＜ 0.01),the percentage of A375 cells at G0/G1 phase (54.13％ ± 2.57％,67.35％ ± 3.79％,74.39％ ± 3.29％,82.29％ ± 3.99％ respectively,F =71.81,P ＜ 0.01),the level of ROS in A375 cells (P ＜ 0.01),the level of glucose in the culture supernatant (P ＜ 0.01),and the protein expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 (both P ＜ 0.01),while gradual decreasing trends were found in the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP in A375 cells (both P ＜ 0.01),the level of lactic acid in the culture supernatant (P ＜ 0.01),and the protein expression of Cyclin D1,Bcl-2 and PKM2 (all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Polyphyllin Ⅰ can effectively induce A375 cell apoptosis by promoting the production of ROS in A375 cells and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential,and arrest A375 cells at G0/G1 phase by inhibiting the expression of PKM2 and Cyclin D1.