The canine model to study inhalaton injury established in our lab was employed,and neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity,blood gas analysis,lung water volume,chest radiographs,and pulmonary histopathological changes were observed in the dogs after they were exposed to smoke inhalaton.It was found that carbon monoxide poisoning,hypoxemia,metabolic aci-dosisi respiratory alkalosis and lung damage developed rapidly and early after smoke inhalation;white blood cells disappeared from the circulation 5 minutes after injury onward;the activity of neutrophil NADPH oxidase increased gradually from the 30th minute to the 6th hour after injury,then decreased and approached to its preinjury level in the 12th hour after injury.It is postulated on the basis of the above findings that neutrophils would accumulate in the lungs after smoke inhalation and experince a "respiratory burst" characterized by the activation of NADPH oxidase and the production of large amounts of oxygen and other active oxygen radicals,which would play a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute lung damage in the early stage of smoke inhalation injury.

The dynamica changes of the activity of serum tumor necrosis factor(TNF)was determined in 24 patients with severe burns,and the changes of cardiac and hepatic enzymes,plasma lactate and glucose,serum protein,WBC count etc were determined as well.It was found that TNF was produced in large amounts to damage and degenerate the vascular endothe-lium.Consequently intravascular emboli were more liable to occur to result in tissue hypoxia.TNF could also induce the release of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs)from the bone marrow.PMNs by chemotacsis accumulated in the inflammatory tissues to produce large amounts of toxic products,which could damage the cells and tissues directly to result in multiple organ failure.Furthermore,TNF,through the mediation of pyrogen and cachectin,could induce febrile reaction,exhaustion of glycogen reserve,and increment of muscular protein catabolism.Eventually the energy consumption of the host would be incresed and his defensive function weakened.

Objective To analyze the death causes of the burn patients so as to explore the effective procedures which can raise burn management level. Methods One hundred patients died of burn injury during the past 20 years were enrolled in the study. The died patients were grouped as A (1984～1993) and B (1994～2003) groups, each group containing 50 cases. The mortality, burn area and depth, etiology, pre-hospital treatment, admission time, survival time, tracheostomy, the application of respirator and fibrobronchoscope, operation times, continuous renal replace treatment (CRRT), the incidence of inhalation injury and the pathogenesis of burn death were analyzed and compared between A and B groups. Results There were no differences in burn severity (area and degree), etiology and causes of burn death between the two groups. But the mortality in B group (1%) was evidently lower than that in A group (2%, P

Objective To study the protective effect of emodin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat(liver). Methods Thirty Wistar rats were randomly devided into 3 groups:the sham-operatment group (Control group),the ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group) and the emodin-treatment group (EMD group). By(clamping) the left and median lobes of the liver for 1 h and followed by 1 h of reperfusion,the(partial) (70%)(normothemic)(ischemia)-reperfusion injury model was established. The rats of emodin group received emodin [60mg/(kg?d)] by(oral) route for 3 days before ischemia. Blood and liver samples were obtained for(biochemical) and(histological) analysis 1 h after reperfusion. Some liver specimens were taken for flow cytometry(analysis) to assess the(mitochondrial)(membrane) potential (??m) . Rhodanmin123 and PI were used to label the cells.Results After reperfusion,(serum) levels of alanine transaminase(ALT) and liver contents of(malondialdehyde) (MDA) in the I/R group rats were increased significantly (P

Objective To investigate the serum creatinine (SCr) level in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) and to explore the relationship between the SCr level and the clinical characteristics.Methods A total of 80 patients with sALS,80 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and 80 patients with tension-type headache (TTH) were enrolled in the study.The SCr levels were compared among the three groups.The association between the SCr level and the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R),the forced vital capacity (FVC) percentage of predicted (FVC％ pred),the site of symptom onset,the duration of disease and the rate of disease progression was evaluated in the sALS group.Results The SCr level was significantly decreased in the sALS group than the other two groups [(60.86 ± 16.80) μmol/L vs (70.05 ± 12.79) μmol/L and (66.97-± 14.14) μmol/L,P ＜ 0.01].In the sALS group,the SCr level was positively correlated with the ALSFRS-R (r =0.315,P =0.005),while no correlation was found between the SCr level and the FVC％ pred,the site of symptom onset,the duration of disease and the rate of disease progression (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The SCr level is an important biochemical index in the patients with sALS and might play an important role in monitoring the disease progression.

Objective To study the clinical and pathologic features of chromphobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) and to evaluate the conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in prognosis.Methods Seventy-five cases (42 males and 33 females) with pathological confirmed ChRCC (36 on the left and 39 on the right kidney) after nephrectomy during 1998 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient's age ranged from 25 to 74 years, with a mean age of 56 years. Evaluation of conventional prognostic parameters was carried out. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to study the survival relationship. Results The mean tumor diameter was 7.3 cm. The majority of tumor macroscopic surface color was gray and yellow or gray and red. The majority of tumor cells were big polygon chromphobe cell or small round eosinophils. The TNM stages of these ChRCC were as follows: 30 cases in T1N0M0, 1 in T1N0M1, 26 in T2N0M0, 1 in T2N0M1, 11 in T3N0M0, 3 in T3N0M1, 1 in T3 N1 M0, 1 in T4 N0 M1 and 1 in T4 N1 M1. The pathologic grade of ChRCC was G1 in 3 cases, G2 in 24cases, G3 in 46 cases and G4 in 2 cases. All the 75 cases were followed up for 9 to 93 months (mean 44months), 7 patients died and others were alive without recurrence and metastasis. 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 93.3% and 90. 7%, respectively. The univariable analysis showed that tumor size (P=0. 028), TNM stage (P＜0. 001) were associated with tumor progression. The multivariable Cox regression model revealed that TNM stage was an independent predictor of aggressive ChRCC. Conclusions The ChRCC tumors are generally larger than other types of RCC and with a favorable prognosis. Fuhrman nuclear grade is not suitable for ChRCC. TNM stage is an independent predictor of aggressive ChRCC.

0.05).CONCLUSION:Niaoxue Mixture has a good effect on treating primary glomerular hematuria as new medicine.

Objective Bladder cancer , which has a high rate of recurrence and invasion , is the most common genitourinary cancer.The article was to study the effect of specific chemokine receptor CXCR 4 on invasion capacity and intraluminal implantation of human bladder cancer cells . Methods A CXCR4 specific recombinant plasmid vector (short hairpin, shRNA) was constructed to select those cells which could inhibit the expression of CXCR 4, and these cells were divided into blank control group , negative control plasmid group and recombinant plasmid group (pshRNA-CXCR4-1, pshRNA-CXCR4-2).RT-PCR and immunofluorescence technique were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of CXCR 4 respectively .Invasion capability in vitro of the cells was evaluated by Boyden chamber .20 nude mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group ( n=10 ) .The experimental group was established by injection of 100μL shRNA-EJ-M3 into the bladder , while the control group was established by injection of 100μL EJ-M3, aiming to detect the effect of shRNA-CXCR4 on intraluminal implantation of human bladder cancer cells . Results The CXCR4 mRNA expression of the pshRNA-CXCR4-1 group (62.05 ± 1.35) was significantly lower than that of blank control group (174.38 ±1.96, P <0.05 ) and negative control plasmid group (166.27 ±1.82, P <0.05).There was no significant difference among the CXCR4 mRNA expression of the pshRNA-CXCR4-2 group, blank control group and negative control plasmid group ( 182.58 ± 4.2, 174.38 ±1.96, 166.27 ±1.82, P>0.05).In immunofluores-cence experiment, the red cell amount of the pshRNA-CXCR4-1 group(32.24 ±2.23) was lower than that of the blank control group (89.61 ±4.47,P<0.05) and negative control plasmid group (92.45 ±3.68, P<0.05).There was no significant difference among the red cell amount of the pshRNA-CXCR4-2 group, the blank control group and the negative control plasmid group (76.87 ±5.11, 89.61 ±4.47, 92.45 ±3.68, P>0.05).The Boyden chamber experiment showed that the number of penetrating cells of the pshRNA -CXCR4-1 group (39.67 ±8.45) was significantly lower than that of the blank control group (135.33 ±9.28, P<0.05) and that of the negative control plasmid group(123.63 ±6.36, P<0.05).As to the intraluminal implanting capability, the difference between the ex-perimental group and the control group of statistical significance (10%vs 70%,P<0.01). Conclusion CXCR4 shRNA can inhibit the expression of CXCR4 and significantly decrease the invasion capacity and intraluminal implantation of human bladder cancer cells .

Objective To analyze the features of nerve conduction in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),and explore the correlation between compound muscle action potential (CMAP)amplitude and disease duration and revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRSR).Methods Standard motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were performed in 154 patients with ALS.The following parameters were collected including CMAP amplitude,distal motor latency (DML),motor conduction velocity,sensory conduction velocity and sensory nerve action potential amplitude.Regression study was done to explore the correlation between CMAP amplitude and disease duration and ALSFRS-R.Results Motor nerve conduction abnormalities were presented in a majority of the patients with prolonged DML in the tibial nerve,median nerve and ulnar nerve as the most common form (61.06％-81.42％),followed by decreased CMAP amplitude (30.12％-53.98％),decreased MCV (12.05％-16.81％) and absence of CMAP (2.65％-9.73％).Sensory nerve conduction abnormalities were detected in a small proportion of patients and the decreased SCV,decreased SNAP amplitude and absence of SNAP in the sural nerve,median nerve and ulnar nerve were found in 1.22％-2.73％,0-1.82％ and 0-1.22％patients respectively.No correlation was found between CMAP of the common peroneal nerve,tibial nerve,median nerve and ulnar nerve and the disease duration (P ＞ 0.05),while significant positive correlation was established between CMAP amplitude of the median nerve and ulnar nerve and ALSFRS-R (r =0.273,P =0.016;r =0.357,P =0.001).Conclusions Motor nerve conduction is abnormal in a majority of ALS patients with prolonged DML as the most common form,while abnormal sensory nerve conduction is only found in a few of ALS patients.CMAP amplitude of the median nerve and ulnar nerve might be of certain clinical value in evaluating the severity of ALS.

AIM: To study the protective effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) on brain tissues in experimental diabetic rats and explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dauley rats were divided into three groups: normal control group, diabetic group and EGB-treated group. Strepozotocin were injected intraperitoneally on the later two groups to induce diabetes, EGB-treated group was injected intraperitoneally with EGB, and the others were treated with normal saline at the same volume. After five weeks, the content of endothelin (ET), malondial dehyde (MDA), NO2~-/NO 3~-, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were determined in brain homogenate, and the level of blood glucose, insulin and ET were measured respectively. In addition, the morphologic changes of the brain tissue were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: In diabetic group, there were degeneration of neuron, brain edema, softened focus and demyelination in the white matter of brain by light microcopy. There were expansion of mitochondria of neuron and gliocyte, the shortened of crista, demyelination of neurofiber and injury of blood-brain-barrier by the electron microscopy. After treated with EGB, the pathological changes decreased in brain under light microcopy and electron microcopy. Compared with diabetic rats, the activity of SOD and the level of serum insulin increased, while the level of blood ET, the activity of NOS, the content of ET, MDA, NO2~-/NO3~- decreased in EGB-treated rats (P