The effects of vasectomy on the reproductive organs in various species are controversial. This study investigated the morphological change and apoptosis of the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens in beagle dogs 12 months after vasectomy. The male beagles were divided into two groups: vasectomized and sham-operated groups (n=5 in each). Histopathological, ultrastructural, and TUNEL evaluation of the changes in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of each animal were conducted 12 months after surgery. The mean lumen diameter, cellular thickness, mean interstitial distance, and lumen area fraction of each seminiferous tubule and ductus epididymis were measured by stereological analysis. The results showed that, compared with the sham-operated group, the seminiferous tubular epithelial cells of the testes in the vasectomized group were disorderly arranged and scattered. Significant atrophy and apoptosis were found in the endothelial cells, and a range of ultrastructural variations were observed in the cells of testes, epididymis, and vas deferens in vasectomized group. It was concluded that complete obstruction of the vas deferens as a traditional contraception method is not absolutely safe in terms of the reversal of fertility in the long run. Techniques of relieving the inner pressure in the vas deferens while maintaining the efficacy of male contraception need to be explored.

The effects of vasectomy on the reproductive organs in various species are controversial. This study investigated the morphological change and apoptosis of the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens in beagle dogs 12 months after vasectomy. The male beagles were divided into two groups: vasectomized and sham-operated groups (n=5 in each). Histopathological, ultrastructural, and TUNEL evaluation of the changes in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of each animal were conducted 12 months after surgery. The mean lumen diameter, cellular thickness, mean interstitial distance, and lumen area fraction of each seminiferous tubule and ductus epididymis were measured by stereological analysis. The results showed that, compared with the sham-operated group, the seminiferous tubular epithelial cells of the testes in the vasectomized group were disorderly arranged and scattered. Significant atrophy and apoptosis were found in the endothelial cells, and a range of ultrastructural variations were observed in the cells of testes, epididymis, and vas deferens in vasectomized group. It was concluded that complete obstruction of the vas deferens as a traditional contraception method is not absolutely safe in terms of the reversal of fertility in the long run. Techniques of relieving the inner pressure in the vas deferens while maintaining the efficacy of male contraception need to be explored.
Animals ; Dogs ; Epididymis ; surgery ; Male ; Testis ; surgery ; Vasectomy ; adverse effects

Objective To study the influence of gestational age (GA) and postnatal age on neonatal cerebrospinal fluid parameters.Method From January 2013 to December 2015,the results of WBC counts,glucose and protein concentrations of cerebro-spinal fluid(CSF) were collected from neonates admitted to neonatal department of our hospitals.The neonates were assigned into different groups according to their GA and postnatal age.The CSF parameters were compared between different groups,and the changes of CSF parameters were analyzed.STATA 12.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Result A total of 1 410 infants were included.516 (36.6％) cases were preterm infants.1 208 cases (85.7％) received antibiotics before lumbar puncture.WBC counts in CSF between preterm and term infants showed no significant differences (upper reference limit,12.5 × 106/L).CSF glucose in term infants (lower reference limit,1.8 mmol/L) was higher than preterm infants (lower reference limit,1.6 mmol/L).CSF protein in preterm infants (upper reference limit,226.6 mg/ dl) was significantly higher than term infants (upper reference limit,140.3 mg/dl).CSF WBC counts decreased with the growth of postnatal age in preterm infants (regression coefficients-0.030,P=0.035).CSF protein also declined significantly with the increase of postnatal age in term infants (regression coefficients-1.254,P＜0.001).CSF glucose showed no significant decrease with the increase of postnatal age (regression coefficients-0.009,P=0.012).Conclusion GA and postnatal age did not produce an effect on WBC counts of CSF.The preterm infants had lower glucose level and higher protein level in CSF.CSF protein declined significantly with the increase of GA and postnatal age.

Platelets buoy up cancer metastasis via arresting cancer cells, enhancing their adhesion, and facilitating their extravasation through the vasculature. When deprived of intracellular and granular contents, platelet decoys could prevent metastatic tumor formation. Inspired by these, we developed nanoplatesomes by fusing platelet membranes with lipid membranes (P-Lipo) to restrain metastatic tumor formation more efficiently. It was shown nanoplateletsomes bound with circulating tumor cells (CTC) efficiently, interfered with CTC arrest by vessel endothelial cells, CTC extravasation through endothelial layers, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells as nanodecoys. More importantly, in the mouse breast tumor metastasis model, nanoplateletsomes could decrease CTC survival in the blood and counteract metastatic tumor growth efficiently by inhibiting the inflammation and suppressing CTC escape. Therefore, nanoplatelesomes might usher in a new avenue to suppress lung metastasis.