Clinical internships play an important role in higher medical education. According to the new standards in undergraduate medical education set by the MOE and MOH,we identified 4 main problems in our internships training,including lack of awareness of career planning,interns'absence from duty,lack of hands-on opportunities,psychological problems,etc. According to these problems,we carried out a series of solutions such as strengthening intern orientation,especially in aspects of professionalism and clinical skills training,optimizing the rotation schedule and improving the evaluation methods etc. Experiential evidence and perceptions of interns and their tutors showed that these changes were effective.

BACKGROUNDTrans-arachidonic acids (TAAs), newly discovered markers of nitrative stress and the major products of nitrogen dioxide (NO2(·))-mediated isomerization of arachidonic acid (AA), represent a new mechanism of NO2(·)-induced toxicity. It has been reported that TAAs were generated in oxygen-induced microvascular degeneration model and TAAs were also generated in a diabetic retinopathy (DR) model. In this study, we examined high glucose-induced nitrative stress damage and TAAs levels and explored the possible mechanisms for DR caused by reactive nitrogen species.

METHODSDiabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 60 mg/kg. Bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (BRECs) were selectively cultured and incubated with normal or high glucose. The serum TAAs and AA in diabetic rats were measured by the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The ratio of peak area of TAAs to AA with selected ion of 79 was estimated by a group t-test. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the rat retinas and BRECs extracts were examined by Western blotting. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) protein was examined by Western blotting in BRECs incubated with high glucose.

RESULTSThe TAAs to AA ratio (TAAs/AA) was significantly increased in the serum at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after STZ injection (P < 0.05), with no noticeable change found at 2 or 4 weeks (P > 0.05). Expression of TSP-1 in the retina of diabetic rats was progressively elevated according to the duration of diabetes. TSP-1 expression was increased in BRECs incubated with high glucose at 48 hours. Moreover, high glucose also increased ERK1/2 expression, which peaked at 30 minutes and then decreased in the following 48 hours.

CONCLUSIONAn elevation of TAAs/AA is associated with high glucose-induced nitrative stress, which probably involves upregulation of TSP-1 through activating ERK1/2.

Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Cattle ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Nitrogen Species ; metabolism ; Streptozocin ; Thrombospondin 1 ; genetics ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence factors on determining Tin concentration in air of workplaces with flame atomic absorption spectrometry and to establish an accurate, sensitive and high-efficient method.

METHODSThe different reagents were used to digest the sampling filter membranes and the determining conditions of flame atomic absorption spectrometry were adjusted, then the determining results were compared.

RESULTSWhen 3 ml hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml nitric acid served as the digesting reagents and the determining conditions of flame atomic absorption spectrometry were adjusted to the best conditions, there was the good linearity in the tested concentration range of Tin, the correlation coefficient was larger than 0.9990. The limit of quantification was 1.0 p.g/ml. The extraction recovery was between 99.6%-102.6%, and the RSD were all less than 5.0%.

CONCLUSIONThe proper kinds and quantity of digestive reagents in pretreatment of the samples should be chosen for the accuracy and precision of the determination according to the influence factors of determination.

Air Pollutants, Occupational ; analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; methods ; Tin ; analysis ; Workplace

In response to the major national strategic needs of "Healthy China" and "Innovation-Driven Development", Sichuan University, as a pilot university of "Excellent Doctor Education and Training Plan-Top Innovative Medical Personnel Training", has been exploring the training strategies since 2012. On the basis of the international theory of "The Third Generation of Medical Education based on Health System", we have innovatively put forward the new era of "Med+" education theory based on research-oriented hospitals (with medical/research/translational facility) and the two-level training paradigm from "cultivating professionalism" to "notch up to top" by planting three cultures. We have also developed a competency training system of "Five Integrated Curricula and Five Teaching & Learning Strategies". We have shifted from "didactic teaching" to "formative learning", edifying excellent doctors with "professionalism culture". We have initiated two kinds of top-notch plans, constructed a "1+2+3" innovation and entrepreneurship education system, explored "transformative learning" to incubate compound top-notch personnel with "innovative culture", opened up a "school-hospital unified" administrative system, built a PDCA closed-loop of quality control supported by mobile technology, and recast the "quality culture" to ensure shifting from "cultivating professionalism" to "notch up to top".

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of cationic polymers polyethylenimine-β-cyclodextrin (PEI-CyD), polyethylenimine-poly-(3-hydroxypropyl)-aspartamide (PEI-PHPA), N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine-Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine-aspartamide (PEE-PHPA) in vitro and in vivo.

METHODSPEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA were synthesized and the chemistry structure of PEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA was confirmed by (1)H-NMR. The particle size and zeta potential of these polymers were measured, and capacity of plasmid DNA condensation was tested. The inhibition of COS-7, A549, HEK293 and C6 cells was measured by MTT assay. The transfection efficiency was determined in HEK293 cell lines. The toxicity, tissue distribution and transfection efficiency of cationic polymers were tested in vivo.

RESULTSWhen the N/P of polymers/DNA at 30, the particle sizes were close 250 nm and the zeta-potential were near 35 mv. They were able to condense DNA at N/P ratio < 5. The MTT assay showed that the IC(50) of PEE-PHPA was 21.5, 20.2, 7.30 and 37.1 μg/ml, and that of PEI25kD was 15.8, 18.3, 11.4 and 36.7 μg/ml in C6, COS-7, A549 and HEK293cell lines, respectively. The cell viability of PEI-CyD and PEI-PHPA in above cell lines was over 60%. They had high transfection efficiency in HEK293 cell lines. The LD(50) of PEI25Kd, PEI-CyD, PEI-PHPA and PEE-PHPA in vivo was 19.50, 100.4, 521.2 and 630.0, respectively by intraperitoneal (ip) injection. The contractions of these polymers were higher in kidney than in other organs and tissues.PEE-PHPA had slight effect on kidney and liver function.

CONCLUSIONPEE and PEI25kD have higher transfection efficiency and higher toxicity; while PC and PHPA-PEI have lower toxicity and higher transfection efficiency to be used as non-viral gene vector.

Cations ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Polyethyleneimine ; Polymers ; Transfection ; beta-Cyclodextrins

Aspergillosis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Aspergillus fumigatus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; DNA, Fungal ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Dermatomycoses ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Eye Diseases ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects and the related mechanisms of the components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue decoction (DGBXD) on improving blood deficiency.

METHODThe effects of promoting hematopoietic function were observed with the blood difficient model mice, by giving components of DGBXD. RBC, WBC, reticulocytes and bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC) were determined. The components of DGBXD on proliferation of BMNC and on clony forming unit (CFU) were also determined.

RESULTThe components of DGBXD remarkably increased the quantity of RBC, WBC, and BMNC. Some of the components promoted the proliferation of BMNC and increased the quantity of CFU-Mix. Among them, polysaccharide of angelica was most potent.

CONCLUSIONThe studies show that the extracts and some components of DGBXD can promote the hemopoietic function system of the model mice, and they exert the effects in a comprehensive way.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Animals ; Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Blood Cell Count ; Bone Marrow Cells ; drug effects ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology

Adult ; Base Sequence ; Biopsy ; Chlamydia Infections ; complications ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphogranuloma Venereum ; etiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate associations of overall obesity (OO) and abdominal obesity (AO) with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) among type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients. Methods A community-based study for T2DM patients was conducted in rural communities in Beijing．Every patient completed a questionnaire to collect demography, lifestyle and diseases history, and underwent physical examinations, baPWV assessments and blood biochemical tests. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between obesity index and baPWV. Abnormal baPWV was defined as patients with baPWV≥1,700 cm/s. Logistic regression model was performed to explore the risk of abnormal baPWV after adjusting for poetential confounders step by step. Results A total of 2 048 T2DM patients were recruited. The average age was (59.2±8.3) years and total prevalence of abnormal baPWV was 49.7%. After multivariable adjustment, linear regression showed that there was a negative correlation between body mass index(BMI) and baPWV and a positive correlation between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and baPWV. Compared to normal weight group, those with BMI≥28 kg/m2 had lower risk of abnormal baPWV (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.44-0.78，P<0.001), but there was an increased risk of 46% among patients with obesity in WHR (OR=1.46, 95% CI:1.07-2.00，P=0.018). Compared to those without OO and AO, patients without OO but with AO had a 1.67-fold increasesd risk of abnormal baPWV (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.19-2.35，P=0.003). Conclusions Abdominal obesity is related with arterial stiffnening among T2DM patients, and it is critical to evaluate arterial stiffness of T2DM patients with abdmonal obesity and normal BMI in order to reduce future risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To explore the relationship between sleep duration and different ischemic stroke (IS) subtypes. Methods Participants in the study were recruited from rural communities in Beijing. The survey questionnaires, physical examination and biochemical tests were performed. Sleep duration was categorized into 5 groups, namely ≤5 hours/day, 6 hours/day (5.5-6.5 h/d), 7 hours/day (6.5-7.5 h/d), 8 hours/day (7.5-8.5 h/d) and ≥9 hours/day(≥8.5 h/d). Classification of ischemic stroke was based on Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification. Logistic models were used to evaluate the associations between sleep duration and different IS subtypes. Results A total of 6 370 participants were recruited. The average age was (58.34±9.37) years old. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, sex, behavioral lifestyle, socioeconomic status and health status, compared to subjects with 7 hours/day, subjects with sleep duration ≤5 hours/day was significantly associated with increased risk of IS (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.42-2.15, P<0.001), large-artery atherosclerosis (OR=1.98, 95% CI:1.46-2.70, P<0.001), small-artery occlusion lacunar (OR=5.73, 95% CI:3.34-9.83, P<0.001) and stroke of undetermined etiology (OR=4.43, 95% CI:1.86-10.53, P=0.001). Subjects with sleep duration 8 hours/day and ≥9 hours/day was only found to be significantly associated with IS and large-artery atherosclerosis (P<0.05). Conclusions Short sleep duration is associated with increased risk of IS, large-artery atherosclerosis, small-artery occlusion lacunar and stroke of undetermined etiology. But long sleep duration is only associated with increased risk of IS and large-artery atherosclerosis.