0.05).Conclusion The distribution of G990R CASR genotype in PHPT patients is different from healthy women,and R allele is higher in PHPT group.Among PHPT patients,A986S and G990R polymorphisms are associated with serum calcium and ICa levels.Patients with S or G allele have lower levels of serum calcium and ICa.A986S genotype is also associated with serum PTH level and patients with S allele have relatively lower level of PTH.

AIMTo examine the effect of sildenafil citrate on penile erection of male rhesus macaque.

METHODSTwenty Macaca mulatta were divided into the sildenafil treated and the control groups of 10 animals each. The penile size, the corpus cavernosal electromyogram (EMG) and the intra-corpus cavernosal pressure (ICP) were determined.

RESULTSThe diameter of penis and the ICP were significantly increased and the corpus cavernosal EMG significantly reduced in the sildenafil group.

CONCLUSIONSildenafil citrate increases the penile size and ICP and reduces the corpus cavernosal EMG in male rhesus macaque.

Animals ; Electromyography ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Penile Erection ; drug effects ; physiology ; Penis ; anatomy & histology ; drug effects ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Purines ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Sulfones ; Vasodilator Agents ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo obtain related pharmacodynamic data for the clinical experiment by observing the sexual activities of male rats after using sildenafil ciltrate through stomach irrigation.

METHODSForty male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into 4 groups with different dosages (control with distilled water, low dosage: 0.08%, medium dosage: 0.24% and high dosage: 0.72%). After the male Sprague-Dawlay rats were mated with their female counterparts in pairs, the latent period of chasing, the frequencies of chasing in 60 minutes, the latent period of intercourse and the frequencies of intercourse in 60 minutes were recorded.

RESULTSCompared with the control, the frequencies of chasing were significantly increased and the latent periods of chasing were significantly shortened in both high dosage and medium dosage groups after using sildenafil (P < 0.01); The frequencies of intercourse in 60 minutes were significantly increased and the latent periods of intercourse were significantly shortened in all the groups after the use of sildenafil.

CONCLUSIONSThe sexual activities of male rats treated with sildenafil were significantly activated.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Male ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Purines ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Sulfones

BACKGROUNDPrimary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus is rare. Although surgery is successful in eradicating local tumor, the five-year survival rate of patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus after resection is lower than that of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, pathological features and treatment of primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

METHODSA total of 73 patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus who had been treated by surgery from 1984 to 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSIn this series, the overall resection rate was 94.5% (69/73), the radical resection rate 89.0% (65/73) and the operative mortality 1.4% (1/73). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients were 50.7%, 13.7% and 8.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSPrimary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus is rare with a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the leading method for patients with stage I or II primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Postoperative chemotherapy is beneficial to these patients. The patients of stage III or IV should be given chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

Objective To present the systematic assessment on the efficacy and bleeding adverse events of dual-antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel versus aspirin-mono-antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.Methods Retrieve randomized controlled trials conformed to the inclusion and exclusion criteria in Cochrane Library,Medline,Embase,and Web of Science electronic database,between January 1,1998 and April 1,2015.Cochrane Collaboration was used to assess the methodological quality of the included research papers.Stratification analysis was performed on factors as:race,subtypes of the disease,duration of follow-up and with or without clopidogrel loading dose,of the patients.Results A total of 7 studies were eligible for analysis,including 14 022 study objects.Data from Meta-analysis showed that dualantiplatelet therapy,when compared to the mono-therapy group,could reduce the risk of recurrent stroke (RR=0.71,95％ CI:0.61-0.84,P＜0.001),at the same time,increase the risk of bleeding events (RR=1.60,95％CI:1.46-1.76,P＜0.001).Data derived from the Hierarchical analysis showed that the risk of stroke recurrence in Chinese population (RR=0.55,95％CI:0.34-0.89) was lower than recorded in other populations (RR=0.78,95％CI:0.66-0.93),with the risks of bleeding events as RR=1.41 (95％CI:1.01-1.96) and RR=1.62(95％CI:1.47-1.79),respectively.Risk of recurrence among the group with clopidogrel loading dose (RR=0.69,95％CI:0.58-0.81) was less than those without (RR=0.74,95％CI:0.56-0.99).The risks of occurrence on bleeding events were RR=1.59 (95％CI:1.10-2.30) and RR=1.60(95％CI:1.46-1.77),respectively.Conclusion The combined therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel could reduce the risk of recurrence of ischemic stroke and TIA patients,but increase the risk of bleeding,when compared to the group that using aspirin alone for the therapy.In Chinese population,the combined therapy seemed more effective than using aspirin alone in reducing the recurrence of stroke,but without increasing the risk of bleeding.

Objective: To introduce a new method for assessing coronal balance in surgical treatment of scoliosis, and to explore its effectiveness in preventing postoperative coronal imbalance. Methods: The data of forty-six consecutive patients, who underwent posterior surgery for spine deformity correction from January 2016 to December 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. The series included 19 males and 27 females with an average age of 28.24±21.16 years (7-76 years), and with lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) located at the level of L3 or below. Point-line method was used to evaluate coronal balance by determining whether the center of upper instrumented vertebra was located at the measuring rod passing through the centers of symphysis pubis and LIV among all patients during surgery. Preoperative, postoperative 1 week and 3 months Cobb angle, coronal balance distance (CBD), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaires-22 (SRS-22) were measured and recorded, and statistical analysis was conducted. And then, subgroup analysis was performed according to preoperative coronal imbalance classification to further evaluate the effectiveness of the new method. Results: Among 46 patients in this study, the prevalence of preoperative coronal imbalance was 47.82% (22/46). Of them, ten patients were type B coronal imbalance and eleven patients were type C coronal imbalance. The prevalence of coronal imbalance at one week after operation was 17.39% (8/46), and the prevalence of coronal imbalance at final follow-up was 10.87% (5/46). The results showed that the mean main Cobb angle was 57.24°±26.51° and 14.71°±10.17° at pre-operation and immediate post-operation, respectively. The difference was statistically significant compared to preoperative value (t=13.211, P=0.000), and the average improvement rate was 73.53%±1.88%. Preoperative coronal balance distance CBD ranged from 2.76 mm to 66.73 mm, with an average of 22.54±13.97 mm; the mean CBD was 16.00±14.85 mm at immediate post-operation. The difference was statistically significant (t=3.665, P=0.001), with an average correction rate of 25.58%±52.39%. Our clinical outcome analysis showed that among 46 patients, the preoperative VAS was 8.11±0.89, and the final follow-up VAS was 4.15±0.79. There was a significant difference between pre-operation and the last follow-up (t=21.529, P=0.000). The preoperative ODI score was 49.76±5.84, and the final follow-up ODI score was 25.74±3.92. The difference was statistically significant (t=44.434, P=0.000). The preoperative SRS-22 was 10.57±2.13, and the final follow-up SRS-22 was 21.89±2.35. Compared to pre-operation, the difference was statistically significant (t=24.023, P=0.000). The subgroup analysis showed that in patients with type B coronal imbalance, the mean Cobb angle correction rate was 70.34%±6.02% at immediate post-operation, and there was a significant difference compared to pre-operation (t=5.437, P=0.000); the average CBD correction rate was 37.45%±29.03%, and significant difference was found (t=2.607, P=0.028). In type C patients, the average Cobb angle and CBD correction rate at immediate post-operation was 72.92%±3.67% and 44.79%±5.63%, respectively, and significant difference was found (t=7.319, P=0.000; t=7.545, P=0.000). Conclusion Point-line method was a simple and effective technique for intraoperative assessment of coronal balance, which could assist surgeons to objectively evaluate the result of restoration of the coronal alignment. The use of point-line method is contributed to improve clinical outcomes of spinal deformity correction surgery, and to prevent the occurrence of postoperative coronal imbalance.

OBJECTIVETo establish baseline patterns of rotavirus diarrhea and to describe its epidemiologic features in Changchun city, prior to rotavirus vaccine immunization.

METHODSHospital-based surveillance was conducted among children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Changchun Children's Hospital. Fecal samples were determined to identify rotavirus by PAGE and/or ELISA. G serotypes of rotavirus were identified by ELISA and/or nested RT-PCR. P genotyping were carried out by RT-PCR. All data were computerized and analysed by "Generic Manual on Rotavirus Surveillance" set by CDC in the USA.

RESULTSIn total, 2 343 diarrhea cases were screened and 1 211 fecal samples were collected. Rotavirus was detected in 31.0% among outpatients and 52.9% in inpatients. During the peak of the season (November through March), 58.6% of diarrhea was caused by rotavirus among inpatients. 95.0% of rotavirus diarrhea cases occurred among children aged < 2 years. The predominant strain was serotype G1 (82.4%), followed by G2 (5.0%), G3 (3.3%), G4 (0.9%). P genotyping showed that P[8] and P[4] were the most common ones. Nine different P-G combinations were identified, four strains (P[8]G1, P[4]G2, P[8]G3, and P[8]G4) commonly seen worldwide accounted for 75.6% of the total. Taken together with uncommon strains, including the novel types P[4]G4 and P[8]G2, it highlights the extraordinary diversity of rotaviruses circulating in China.

CONCLUSIONRotavirus is the major cause of severe child diarrhea in Changchun. Developing a rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe disease and reduction of treatment costs seemed to be necessary.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; etiology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; virology ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Serotyping

To develop and optimize a simultaneous detection method of RotavirusA, Norovirus GI, GII, Sapovirus, human astrovirus, enteric adenoviruses and HBoV2 with GenomeLab GeXP analysis system. The sensitivity was verified to be 10(4) copies/microL with plasmids containing the viral targets in triplicate on different days, and no cross-reaction with enterovirus71, human Parechovirus and PicobirnavirusII was observed. Finally, we successfully developed a high throughout, rapid and maneuverable multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of seven viruses related with viral gastroenteritis, which provide a novel method for the molecular diagnosis of diarrhea-associated virus.
Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Humans ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viruses ; isolation & purification

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic effect of subtotal parathyroidectomy (sT-PTX) on uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).Methods:Seventy two SHPT patients treated with sT-PTX in our hospital were enrolled in this study.Serum parathyroid hormone(PTH),calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) obtained in the preoperative,postoperative and followup periods were collected and compared.Their symptoms,postoperative complications and relapse were recorded.Results:(1)sT-PTX operation performed successfully in 70/72 patients(97.2％).(2)After sT-PTX,bone pain and itching improved rapidly,with the improvement of nutritional status,Partial patients with renal hypertension were remitted compared with preoperative.Thirteen cases can walk without wheelchair after sT-PTX.(3)Serum PTH,Ca,and P decreased significantly after sT-PTX for one week,one month and 6 months as compared with those before sT-PTX(P＜0.05).(4)Postoperative hypocalcemia was frequently seen(53/72,53.6％) but could be effectively controlled by intravenous calcium infusion.(5)SHPT recurred in the 6 months after sT-PTX in 4 cases (5.7％).Conclusions:T-PTX can effectively decrease PTH level and improve symptoms,and is a safe measure for the treatment of uremic patients with SHPT.

Objective To investigate the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)on oxidative stress produc-tion and apoptosis in hippocampus of neonatal rats with brain injury induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods Forty-eight neonatal Sprague Dawley rats(3 days)were randomly divided into control group,LPS group,ω-3 PUFA group and ω-6 PUFA group,with 12 rats in each group. The rats in the LPS group,ω-3 PUFA group and ω-6 PUFA group were given 0. 6 mg·kg - 1 LPS via intraperitoneal injection,then equal volume of saline,ω-3 PUFA and ω-6 PUFA was immediately given via intraperitoneal injection respectively;while the rats in the control group were all given equal volume of saline. The rats in each group were sacrificed at 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection with saline or fat emulsions to obtain the hippocampus. The levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA),reduced glutathion(GSH),oxidized glutathione(GSSG) were detected and GSSG/ GSH was calculated. The apoptotic index was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-me-diated dUTP nick end labeling. Results Compared with the control group,the levels of SOD and GSH in hippocampus of rats in the LPS group,ω-6 PUFA group and ω-3 PUFA group were significantly decreased(P < 0. 05),and the levels of MDA, GSSG and the ratio of GSSG/ GSH were significantly increased(P < 0. 05). Compared with the LPS group,the levels of SOD and GSH in hippocampus of rats in ω-6 PUFA group were significantly decreased(P < 0. 05),the levels of MDA,GSSG and the ratio of GSSG/ GSH were significantly increased(P < 0. 05);the levels of SOD and GSH in hippocampus of rats in ω-3 PU-FA group were significantly increased(P < 0. 05),the levels of MDA,GSSG and the ratio of GSSG/ GSH were significantly de-creased(P < 0. 05). Compared with the ω-6 PUFA group,the levels of SOD and GSH in hippocampus of rats in ω-3 PUFA group were significantly decreased(P < 0. 05),the levels of MDA,GSSG and the ratio of GSSG/ GSH were significantly in-creased(P < 0. 05). The apoptotic index in the LPS group,ω-6 PUFA group and ω-3 PUFA group was higher than that in the control group(P < 0. 05). The apoptotic index in the ω-6 PUFA group was higher than that in the LPS group(P < 0. 05). The apoptotic index in the ω-3 PUFA group was lower than that in the LPS group and ω-6 PUFA group(P < 0. 05). Conclusion ω-3 PUFA can alleviate the oxidative stress,and decrease the apoptosis of hippocampus in neonatal rats with brain injury in-duced by LPS. So it has a neuroprotective effect in brain injury induced by LPS.