Methamphetamine ( METH ) , a powerful stimulant of amphetamine type in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , is a new kind of synthetic drugs mainly in psychological dependence. Long-time abuse will lead to strong neurotoxicity and drug de-pendence. Recently it has become the abuse problem in public health. Autophagy is a process of degradation and utilization of the cellular components by the lysosome, which widely exists in eukaryotic cells. Many studies show that methamphetamine can iduce autophagy,but the underlying mechanism is not fully un-derstood yet . Therefore,the mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy by methamphetamine and the roles of autophagy in methamphetamine induce neurotoxicity are reviewed in this pa-per, so as to provide reference materials for further research of methamphetamine and autophagy.

Objective To study the feasibility and outcome of minimally invasive percutaneous antegrade and transurethral antigrade ureteroscope technology in treatment of ureterovesical anastomosis obstruction in transplanted kidney.Method Endo-incision, dilation and indwelling internal ureteral stents by minimally invasive percutaneous antegrade and transurethral antigrade ureteroscope tech -nology were performed in 16 transplanted kidney patients with ureterovesical anastomosis obstruction. Renal function was valuated.Results Retrograde ureteroscope balloon dilation and indwelling an internal ureteral stent were carried out in one case. Percutaneous endo-incision, dilation and indwelling internal ureteral stents under ureteroscopy were preformed on 13 patients. Two patients accepted open operation because the length of the obstruction segment was more than one cm. After a follow-up of 1-24 months, internal drainage and renal function were normal in 13 patients. Serum creatinine ranged from 45 ?mol/L to 113 ?mol /L. The renal function of 3 patients didn’t recover completely and the serum creatinine was 158-315 ?mol /L.Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous antegrade and transurethral antigrade ureteroscope technology in treatment of ureterovesical anastomosis obstruction in transplanted kidney were relatively effective, and safe and simple to manipulate.

Objective To evaluate mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in treating proximal ureteral calculi. Methods 109 patients underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy for proximal ureteral calculi from March 1998 to July 2001 were reviewed and evaluated. Results All the 109(100%) were rendered stone-free at 1 session.The average operation time was 60 munites,the estimated blood loss volume 25 ml and the average hospitalization 7 days.No major complications were noted. Conclusions Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy is safe and effective in treating proximal ureteral calculi and is less invasive for the patients.

[Objective]To study the mechanism of tubular epithelial hypertrophy induced by high glucose.[Methods]Human tubular epithelium line HK-2 cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 1 g/L glucose(normal control group),4.5 g/L glacose(high slucose group),and 1 g/L glucose+3.5 g/L mannitol(iso-osmia control group),respectively.The cells of every group after cultured for 24 h,48 h.and 96 h were collected.The mRNA levels of CTGF and p27~(kip) were detected by real-time PCR.The protein levels of CTGF and p27~(kip) were detected by Western blot.The cellular proliferative activities were observed by MTT.The total cellular protein contents were detected by Bradford method.The cell cycle process was analyzed by flow cytometry.The cells of every group after being cultured for 30 win,1 h,24 h,and 48 h were collected.The levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were detected by Western blot.Every step was repeated for 3 times.[Results]High slucose could significantly up-regulate the mRNA and protein levels of CTGF and p27~(kip),activate ERK1/2 signal conductive pathway in HK-2 cells,make more cells arrest in G1 phase,decrease cellular proliferative activities,increase total cellular protein content reflecting cellular hypertrophy.[Conclusion]CTGF is an important mediator of tubular epithelial hypertrophy induced by high slucose.The mechanism is that CTGF up-regulates the p27~(kip) expression through activating ERK1/2 pathway.Up-regulated p27~(kip) lead proliferative cell to be arrested in G1 phase and cause cellular hypertrophy.

AIM:To report the safty and efficiency of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with macular edema (ME) due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).METHODS: A consecutive series of patients with ME due to BRVO who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection (2.5g/0.1L) were retrospectively studied. Patients underwent complete ophthalmoscopic examination, including Snellen visual acuity testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and/or flurescence angiographic testing at baseline and follow-up visits.RESULTS: There were 32 eyes of 32 consecutive patients who received at least one intravitreal bevacizumab injections (range from 1 to 3). The mean length of follow-up was 4.7 (range from 3 to 8) months. The mean visual acuity improved from 20/200- at baseline to 20/100- at 1 month and 20/100+ at 3 months and last follow-up (P＜0.01). The mean central 1mm macular thickness was 483μm at baseline and decreased to 275, 314,and 301μm at 1 month,3 months, and last follow-up (P＜0.01)respectively.No adverse side effects were observed following injections in any eyes.CONCLUSION: Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) showed a marked decrease in ME secondary to BRVO, improvement in visual acuity and lack of adverse side effects.

Objective To investigate the effect of low-dose hydrocortisone(HC)on hippocampus nuclear factor kappa B((NF-?B)),I?B expression in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced septic rats and the role of NF-?B signal transcription pathway in pathogenesis.Methods Fifty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group(A group,n=6),model group(B group,n=24),low-dose HC treatment group(C group,n=24).The septic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection LPS(1 mg/kg),as the intervention by caudal vein injection low-dose HC(6 mg/kg),each of B and C group was subdivied into 2,8,16,24 hours respectively after LPS injection(n=6).At serial time points,the animals in each group were sacrificed,brain tissue samples were harvested to determine NF-?B,I?B expression by immunhistochemistry in hippocampus.Results In B group: NF-?B expression was up regulated compared with A group(P

[Objective]To analyze the advantages of transparent cap assisted endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of duode-nal diseases.[Methods]From September 2014 to December 2015,62 cases with suspicious duodenal diseases in the endoscopy cen-ter of our hospital randomly divided into transparent cap group(n=31)and routine group(n=31)according to the time sequence. The visual field resolution,success rate of image capture and operating time were compared in 2 groups.[Results]Thirty cases in transparent cap group had clear visual field definition ,which was obviously higher than 9 cases in conventional group (96.8% vs 29%,P < 0.001). Twenty-three cases in transparent cap group and 8 cases in routine group were successfully captured(90.3% vs 25.8%,P < 0.001). The average operating time of the transparent cap group was significantly shorter than that of the conventional group(150+58 vs 95+36 seconds,P=0.004).[Conclusion]Transparent cap endoscope examination is more effective in the treat-ment of duodenal diseases,and the image capture is higher and the operation time is shorter.

Objective To investigate the characteristic of sequences of WLAX gene in Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni)strains.Methods WLAX gene and the neighbouring sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR products were cloned into the vectors of plasmid.The positive recombinants were sequenced and the results were processed by software DNAstar.Results The variation frequency of WLAX sequences in GBS-related C.jejuni was higher than that in non-GBSrelated C.jejuni.The nucleotide sequences of WLAX gene in all the strains in the present study differed from that in genome sequencing strain NCTC11168.The phylogenic tree reflected the regional feature of C.jejuni.Conclusions The probability of sequence variation of WLAX in GBS-related C.jejuni is significantly higher than non-GBS-associated C.jejuni strains,the relation between the variation and GBS-pathogenesis remains to be further confirmed.

0.05), the percentage of MDC and PDC and the ratio of MDC/PDC at the second (MDC, 0.11%?0.09%; PDC, 0.06%?0.05%; MDC/PDC, 0.76?0.80), third trimester (MDC, 0.12%?0.08%; PDC, 0.07%?0.06%; MDC/PDC, 0.78?0.82) were significantly lower (P

Objective To evaluate the plasma level of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) before and after treatment in children with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and explore the relationship between NTproBNP and heart functional classes.To evaluate the significance of dynamic change in NT-proBNP level in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.Methods The study comprised 49 children with DCM from Aug.2011 to Sep.2013 in Hunan Children's Hospital.NT-proBNP levels were measured before and after treatment.All the patients were evaluated under the modified Ross Heart Association functional class and echocardiographic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) and fractional shortening(SF).The patients were divided into improvement group(38 cases) and the non-improvement group(11 cases) according to cardiac function after treatment.Results The plasma level of NTproBNP was positively correlated with Ross heart failure classification (r =0.756,P ＜ 0.01),and much better than LVEF and SF.To identify mild heart failure,the cut-off value of 329 ng/L was 93.8％ sensitive and 90.9％ specific.To identify moderate heart failure,the cut-off value of 2 833 ng/L was 95.6％ sensitive and 92.9％ specific.To identify severe heart failure,the cut-off value of 12 125 ng/L was 80.6％ sensitive and 84.8％ specific.There was significant difference in the improvement group before and after treatment(t =2.357,P ＜ 0.05).In non-improvement group there was no significant difference (t =0.132,P =0.778) before and after treatment.Conclusions There is significant correlation between the plasma level of NT-proBNP and heart failure severity.The dynamic changes in NT-proBNP levels before and after treatment can help us to determine the effect of treatment and prognosis.