The genus Salvia in the family Lamiaceae with nearly 1 000 species, is widespread in temperate and tropical regions around the world. Many species of genus Salvia are important medicinal plants with a long history of which Danshen (the dried roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza) is one of the most popular herbal traditional medicines in Asian countries. The chemical constituents from Salvia plants mainly contain sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids and polyphenols etc, which exhibit antibacterial, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antiplatelet aggregation activities and so on. In this article, the development of new constituents and their biological activities of Salvia genus in the past five years were reviewed and summarized for its further development and utilization.
Diterpenes ; isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Salvia ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; isolation & purification

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of blood glucose,blood pressure and blood uric acid level on hematuria in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsOne hundred and sixty-two ACS patients were selected and received standardized treatment after admission to hospital.Urine test was taken and patients were divided into no hematuria group(37 cases),microscopic hematuria group (56 cases) and gross hematuria group(69 cases) according to the results.Blood pressure,fasting and postprandial 2 hours blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin and blood uric acid level were measured and compared among three groups.ResultsMicroscopic hematuria group compared with no hematuria group,fasting and postprandial 2 hours blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin,systolic blood pressure and blood uric acid level raised 58.0％[(7.9 ±0.7) mmol/L vs. (5.0 ± 1.1) mmol/L],33.3％[(12.4 ±0.8) mmol/L vs.(9.3 ± 0.6 ) mmol/L ],48.2％ [ ( 8.3 ± 0.8 )％ vs.( 5.6 ± 0.5 )％ ],23.8％ [ ( 151.6 ± 7.0) mm Hg ( 1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) vs.(122.5 ±9.9) mm Hg],29.2％ [(635.4 ±47.4) μmol/L vs.(491.8 ±83.4)μmol/L]respectively,there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ).Gross hematuria group compared with microscopic hematuria group,the above mentioned indexes raised 16.5％[ (9.2 ± 1.1 ) mmol/L vs.(7.9 ± 0.7)mmol/L],30.6％[ ( 16.2 ± 1.8) mmol/L vs.( 12.4 ± 0.8) mmol/L],14.5％[ (9.5 ± 0.8)％ vs.(8.3 ± 0.8)％ ],18.8％[(180.1 ± 12.3) mm Hg vs.(151.6 ±7.0) mm Hg],34.6％[(855.5 ±74.5) μ mol/L vs.(635.4 ±47.4 ) μ mol/L ] respectively,there were significant differences ( P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ).Gross hematuria group compared with no hematuria group,the above mentioned indexes increased significantly(P＜ 0.01 ).The level of diastolic blood pressureamong three groups had no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05).The Logistic regression analysis showed that fasting and postprandial 2 hours blood glucose (r =3.175,P =0.001 ;r =0.906,P =0.001 ),glycated hemoglobin ( r =16.109,P =0.001 ),systolic blood pressure (r =0.429,P =0.003 ),blood uric acid level(r =1.317,P =0.004) were risk factors on hematuria after antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in ACS patients,the impact of glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose on hematuria was stronger than that of blood uric acid level and systolic blood pressure.ConclusionWith the increase of blood glucose,systolic blood pressure,blood uric acid,the risk of hematuria increases in ACS patients.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the activity of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH ) oxidase in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods Fifty-two patients with AMI hospitalized from December 2010 to June 2011 were selected as AMI group,and 25 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia hospitalized in the same period were selected as control group.All patients were examined by Doppler echocardiography and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated.Fasting blood was drawn on the second day after hospitalization to measure the level of biochemical indexes,malondialdehyde(MDA ) and the activity of NADPH oxidase.The correlation of the level of MDA,the activity of NADPH oxidase and LVMI was analyzed.Results The level of MDA in AMI group was significantly higher than that in control group [(6.14 ±t 2.80) μ mol/L vs(2.95 ± 1.82) μmol/L,P ＜ 0.01 ].The levd of O2- in AMI group was also obviously higher than that in control group [(21.61 ± 10.66) RLU/mg protein vs.( 7.12 ± 4.48 ) RLU/mg protein,P ＜ 0.01 ],as well as the activity of NADPH oxidase [ ( 2.84 ± 1.05 ) RLU/mgprotein vs.( 1.97 ± 0.80) RLU/mg protein,P ＜ 0.01].Positive correlation was found between LVMI and the level of MDA(r =0.57,P ＜ 0.01 ),as well as between LVMI and the activity of NADPH oxidase(r =0.71,P＜0.01 ).Conclusions The activity of NADPH oxidase in peripheral blood mononuclear cell inereases in AMI patients and plays an important role in left ventricular remodeling after AMI.

Objective To test the hypothesis that attachment of synovial cell to &?2-microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products (ACE-?2m) would affect cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation.Methods Normal human synovial cells (type B cells) were isolated and plated in culture dishes coated with AGE-?2m or with normal extracellular matrix proteins (EMP). Adhesion was analyzed by counting the isotope-labelled cells. Spreading was tested using a light microscope and proliferation determined by 3H-TdR incorporation and counting the number of cells. Results Synovial cells adhered less effectively to AGE-?2m, ?2m and AGE-collagen than to the normal EMP (collagen and fibronectin). Cells interacting with AGE-?2m, ?2m or AGE-collagen also demonstrated less extensive spreading throughout the examined time intervals (60-120 minutes after plating), and decreased 3H-TdR incorporation and cell numbers after 72 hours of plating when compared to cells interacting with normal EMP. Conchusion AGE-?2m in amyloid may alter synovial cell behavior in situ in ways which cods contribute to the development of dialysis-related amyloidodsis(DRA).

Objective To determine serum leptin levels and investigate its relatio nship with liver function, insulin resistance and nutritional parameters in pati ents with post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis. Methods Thirty-two ma le patients with post-hepatitis cirrhosis and fourteen male control subjects were enrolled in thi s study. Fasting blood samples were obtained, and serum leptin levels, fasting g lucose and insulin levels were determined in all subjects, and nutritional param e ters were determined in cirrhosis patients. The cirrhosis patients were divided into three groups according to Child-Pugh classification. Results Serum leptin l evels in male hepatic cirrhosis were significantly higher than those of healthy control. There was no significant difference in serum leptin levels among the th ree groups of patients with cirrhosis according to Child-Pugh classification. Se rum insulin levels in male cirrhosis were significantly higher than that of heal thy control. The insulin sensitivity index in cirrhotic patients was decreased c ompared with normal control group. Serum leptin levels in liver cirrhosis were s ignificantly correlated with BMI, TSF and fasting insulin levels, respectively ( r=0.343, 0.340 and 0.352, P

Objective To investigate the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in liver cancer and its clinical significance. Methods The specimens of liver cancer tissues, adjacent tissues, cirrhotic tissues and chronic hepatitis tissues were collected from 50 patients who received radical resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from July 2007 to April 2008. The mRNA and protein expressions of DNMT1,DNMT3a and DNMT3b in liver cancer tissues, adjacent tissues, cirrhotic tissues and chronic hepatitis tissues were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expression of DNMTs in the liver cancer tissues was compared with those in the adjacent tissues, cirrhotic tissues and chronic hepatitis tissues by using t test and Mann-Whitney U test. The correlation between the protein expression of DNMTs in the liver cancer tissue and the clinicopathological features was analyzed by chi-square test or Fisher exact test, and the tumor-free survival time was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier method and the difference in tumor-free survival rate between different patients was analyzed by Log-rank test. Results The mRNA expressions of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b in the liver cancer tissue were 2.57, 2.29 and 4.86 times higher than those in the adjacent tissues (t = 3.94, 2. 72, 4. 06, P ＜ 0.05 ). The mRNA expressions of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b were 2.38,2.14 and 4.66 times higher than those in the cirrhotic tissues, and 6.12, 4.58 and 12.99 times higher than those in the chronic hepatitis tissues. The mRNA expressions of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b in the liver cancer tissue were significantly higher than those in the cirrhotic tissues and chronic hepatitis tissues ( U = 587.5,730. 0,562.5; 65.5, 64.5, 71.0, P ＜ 0.05). The protein expression of DNMT1 was correlated with the size, number,TNM stages and vascular invasion of tumors ( x2 = 4.08, 5.95, 4.08, P ＜ 0.05 ). The protein expression of DNMT3a was correlated with the size, number and TNM stages of tumors (x2 = 4.08, 5.95, 4.08, P ＜ 0.05 ).The mean tumor recurrence time of patients with low expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a were 9.4 and 8.7 months, which were significantly longer than 5.0 and 3.2 months of those with high expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a (x2 =3.89, 9.91, P＜0.05). Conclusions DNMTs play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis.High expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a are correlated with the postoperative recurrence of liver cancer, which are valuable prognostic factors for liver cancer.

Objective To investigate the prognostic factors of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Methods From Nov.1999 to Dec.2006,a total of 85 patients were diagnosed by postoperative pathology as gastrointestinal stromal tumors.The relationship between the prognosis of GIST and demographic factors、tumor location、operation style、preoperative metastasis、lymphadenectomy、grading of Fletcher were analyzed retrospectively.Results The 1 year、3 year and 5 year survival rate of these 85 patients were 94%,60%,57%respectively,Univariate analysis indicated that tumor location、operation style、grading of Fletcher and preoperative metastasis were significant predictors of survival(P<0.05),while demographics and lymphadenectomy were not statistically related with prognosis.Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative metastasis was the independent factor predicting the prognosis(P=0.020,β=4.226).Conclusion Radical surgical excision is still the therapy of choice for primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Preoperative metastasis is the independent factor predicting poor prognosis,therefore early diagnosis and treatment are very important for GIST.Fletcher grading is also a simple recalls to predict the prognosis of GIST.

Objective To investigate the Influence of FOXC1 downregulating on biological behavior of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) 5-8F cell lines. Methods Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of FOXC1 in human immortalized nasopharyngeal cell lines NP69, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines 6-10B with lower metastasis potential and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines 5-8F with higher metastasis potential. siRNA was used to downregulate the expression of FOXC1 in 5-8F cell lines, and then ability of migration and invasion were observed. Results FOXC1 protein expression level in NP69 cell lines, 6-10B cell lines and 5-8F cell lines were (0.27 ± 0.04), (0.7 ± 20.06), (1.08 ± 0.05) respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Also ability of cell migration and invasion significantly weakened after FOXC1 depletion in 5-8F cell lines (P < 0.05). Conclusion FOXC1 might regulate invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through changing expression of Fibronectin and Vimentin, and FOXC1 may be an available target for molecular target therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PurposeTo perform a quality assurance program for Truebeam imaging system using MIMI phantom, and to evaluate the accuracy of the imaging system center with the radiation isocenter and the accuracy of couch shift.Materials and Methods The reference images of MIMI phantom were acquired using CT scanner. The reference images were imported into the treatment planning system and a simple plan was created. The MIMI phantom was placed on the treatment couch. The images were acquired using the MV/KV imaging system, and a match registration was performed with the reference images from the TPS.Results Measured over six months, the precision of the imager and linac's isocenter was <1 mm, and the couch shift accuracy was <1 mm. The measurements over six months demonstrate that isocenters of the MV/KV imaging systems on Truebeam system are stable.Conclusion The accuracy of the Truebeam imaging system center and couch shift is safe and reliable. The error of Truebeam imaging system center and couch shift can be tested on a monthly base.

Objective To explore the protective effect of 17β-estradiol on traumatic brain injury in rats.Methods A total of 45 adult male SD rats were divided into 3 groups using the random digit table, 15 rats in each group:the control group only exposed but not injured the brain, the injury group received traumatic brain injury ( TBI) by Feeney’ s method, and the treatment group received the same handling with injury group, and pretreatment with 17β-estradiol peritoneal injection, 1 mg/kg per day for one week.The other two groups were given the same volume of castor oil.At 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after injury, the brain tissue water content, malondialdehyde ( MDA) content and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) activity were measured.Results At 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after injury, the levels of brain tissue water content in the injury group and treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05 ) .At 6 h after injury, the brain tissue water contents in the injury group and treatment group were ( 99.83 ±0.40 )% and ( 99.53 ±0.41 )%,respectively, with a non-significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).At 24 h and 48 h after injury, the brain tissue water contents in the injury group was ( 105.17 ±0.43 )% and ( 107.54 ±0.39 )%, in the treatment group was (103.26 ±0.42)%and (105.89 ±0.43)%, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.05).At 6 h after injury, the levels of MDA in the injury group and treatment group increased and maintained at a higher level, and the levels of SOD decreased.Compared with the control group, there had a significant difference ( P<0.05 ) . The levels of MDA and SOD in the injury group and treatment group at 6 h after injury had a non-significant difference ( P>0.05).But at 24 h and 48 h after injury, the levels of MDA in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the injury group [(130.39 ±7.02) μmol/g vs.(149.41 ±8.25) μmol/g, (125.41 ±6.59) μmol/g vs.(157.72 ± 8.93) μmol/L] , and the levels of SOD in the treatment group were significantly higher than thoset in the injury group [(88.46 ±7.17) U/g vs.(80.10 ±4.87) U/mg, (97.31 ±7.89) U/g vs.(84.29 ±6.13) U/g], with a significant difference ( P<0.05 ) between the two groups.Conclusions 17β-estradiol has a protective effect on traumatic brain injury.