ObjectiveTo investigate the event-based prospective memory (EBPM)and time-based prospective memory( TBPM )in late-onset depressive patients and to explore the relationships between prospective memory and depressive symptoms.Methods 32 late-onset depressive patients and 30 normal controls matched in age,gender and education were assessed with a neuropsychological battery of tests including EBPM and TBPM tasks.The patients were also assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD).ResultsA statistically significant in EBPM was observed between patients with late-onset depression and normal controls (2.31 ± 1.06 vs 3.07± 0.87,t =- 3.052,P ＜ 0.01) and the same result in TBPM (2.03 ± 0.93 vs 2.67 ± 0.92,t =- 2.695,P ＜0.01 ).The negatively correlate was showed between the total scores of HAMD and EBPM ( r =- 0.436,P =0.013 ),TBPM ( r =- 0.467,P =0.007 ) in the patients.ConclusionThe results suggest late-onset depressive patients impair both EBPM and TBPM.Prospective memory shows correlation with depressive symptoms in the patients.

Objective To explore the intertemporal decision-making function in geriatric depressive patients and it's correlation with impulsive personality traits.Methods Forty patients with geriatric depression(GD group) and Forty demographic characteristic matched health controls (HC group) were recruited.The delay discounting task was used to measure the decision-making function,and the barratt impulsiveness scale was used to measure the impulsive traits.The delay discounting rate (k) transformed to common logarithm lgk.Results Lgk and the scores of barratt impulsiveness scale,attention impulsiveness subscale,motor impulsiveness subscale in GD group((-2.00±0.81),(42.67±8.51),(46.50± 16.84),(43.50± 10.45)) were more larger than those in HC group ((-2.31±0.51),(32.27±6.18),(34.81±8.15),(26.88±7.65),and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.060,P=0.043;t=6.252,P＜0.01;t=3.951,P＜0.01;t =8.117,P＜0.01).In addition,lgk had positive correlation with the scores of motor impulsiveness factor in GD group(r=0.408,P=0.009).Conclusion The delayed discounting ability is impaired and correlated with the motor impulsiveness in GD patients.

Bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity is becoming more and more common and has aroused clinical physicians' increasing interest. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, neurobiochemistry, and treatment of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder and discusses the neurobiochemical mechanism. Findings from this review will provide evidence for identifying the clinical symptoms of bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity and for treatment of the comorbidity.

Objective To investigate the differences of gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia between onset and remission. Methods Twelve patients with schizophrenia in the stage of onset were selected as the episode group. Thirteen gender-, age-and BMI-matched patients with schizophrenia during the remission period were selected as the control group. The fecal specimens of the two groups were collected for high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and the gut microbiota differences between the two groups were analyzed. Results The chao index and ace index of gut microbiota was lower in the episode group than in the control group (t=2.385,P=0.026; t=3.068,P=0.005). The relative abundance of Bacteroides was higher and the relative abundance of Prevotella was lower in the episodes group than in the control group (Z=-2.013, P =0.044; Z=-3.427, P=0.001). The relative abundance of the Prevotella was negatively correlated with the PANSS score (r=-0.577, P=0.003). Conclusion Schizophrenia in the stage of acute episode have altered gut microbiota compared with those in the stage of remission and the gut microbiota is significantly corrected with mental symptoms.

Objective : To explore the difference of serum inflammatory cytokines level in depression patients with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) ，depression patients without NSSI and normal control group，and to analyze the correlation between inflammatory cytokine level and impulsive characteristics of patients in NSSI group． Methods : 40 depression patients with NSSI ( NSSI group) ，45 depression patients without NSSI ( non-NSSI group) and 40 cases of normal control group were selected，and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELASA) was used to detect serum IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、IL-15 and TNF-α levels．The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) was used to evaluate the con- dition．The patient's impulsivity was evaluated with Barratt Impulsive-ness Scale (BIS-11) . Results : The levels of serum IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、IL-15 and TNF-α in the NSSI group were significantly higher than those in the non-NSSI group and the normal control group (P＜0. 01) ，and the difference was statistically significant．The score of BIS-11 motor impulsiveness，nonplanning impulsiveness and total score in NSSI group were higher than those in non-NSSI group，with statistically significant difference (P＜0. 01) ．The levels of serum IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、IL-15 and TNF-α in NSSI group were positively correlated with BIS-11 motor impulsiveness score，nonplanning impulsiveness score and total score． Conclusion The levels of inflammatory cytokines in depression patients with NSSI increase significantly，and the patients have more obvious impulsive personality characteristics．The levels of inflammatory cytokines is positively correlated with the impulsivity of patients.

Objective To explore the delayed discount and personality characteristics of impulsive and premeditated male prisoners and their correlation.Methods A total of 120 male prisoners with aggressive behaviors were tested by Self-made General Situation Questionnaire,Impulsive / Premeditated Aggression Scale (IPAS),NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI),Delay Discount Task (DDT).The effective participants were ninety,including 51 in impulsive group and 39 in premeditated group.Analyzed the difference of delayed discount and personality characteristics between the two group.Results (1) In the delayed discount task,the delay discount rat (K) of the impulsive violence group (0.0278 ± 0.0555) was significantly higher than that of the premeditated violence group (0.0042±0.0078).The difference was statistically significant (t=3.004,P =0.004).(2) The scores of agreeableness (35.84 ± 4.08) and conscientiousness (37.04±4.83) in impulsive violence group were lower than that in premeditated violence group(38.46±5.53,42.31±5.96),and the difference was statistically significant (t=-2.587,P=0.011;t =-4.634,P＜0.01).(3) Correlation analysis showed that K value was not significantly correlated with all dimensions of the big five personality(P＞0.05).Conclusion Male impulsive prisoners have faster tendency to delay discounting compared with male premeditated prisoners.Lower agreeableness and conscientiousness are the personality characteristics of male impulsive prisoners.

Objective:To explore the relationship between serum cytokine levels and cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar I manic episode.Methods:Forty-four patients with bipolar I manic episode (BDI group) and 42 healthy volunteers (HC group) matched with demographic data were included.Peripheral serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RSPM) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the two groups.Young manic rating scale (YMRS) was used to evaluate the clinical manic symptoms of patients.Hypothesis testing and correlation analysis were processed by SPSS 22.0.Results:(1) The expression levels of serum cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-23 and TNF-α in BDI group ((38.872±7.803), (33.259±7.260), 42.350(33.600, 55.390), (108.309±19.398)) were significantly different with those in HC group ((24.664±6.083), (29.257±5.208), 17.360(12.870, 30.690), (68.674±13.610)), and the differences were statistically significant (( t=9.387, t=2.947, Z=-5.477, t=10.921, all P<0.01)). (2) In the RBANS cognitive test, the visual span, attention, delayed memory and total scale scores of the BP group ((92.909±16.126). (83.091±8.529), (80.636±9.592), (416.318±33.438)) were significantly different with those of the HC group ((82.905±10.958), (92.381±14.850), (93.714±7.613), (436.905±37.228), t=3.378, t=-3.538, t=-6.982, t=-2.700, all P<0.05). (3)Correlation analysis showed that in the BDI group, the course of disease was positively correlated with IL-6 and IL-23( r=0.509, r=0.298, P<0.05), the visual breadth was positively correlated with IL-10 and TNF-α ( r=0.426, r=0.647, P<0.05), language was negatively correlated with IL-23 level ( r=-0.372, P<0.05), attention was significantly negatively correlated with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α ( r=-0.315, r=-0.318, r=-0.498, all P<0.05), delayed memory was positively correlated with IL-10 and TNF-α ( r=-0.360, r=-0.621, P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between YRMS score, immediate memory score and cytokines ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Patients with bipolar I disorder manic have changes in serum levels of cytokines and cognitive dysfunction. The course of disease and cognitive function are related with serum cytokine level.

BackgroundSchizophrenic patients have metabolic disorders， impaired language and information processing function. Inflammatory factors may play an important role in the occurrence and development of schizophrenia. ObjectiveTo explore the relationship of the inflammatory factor levels with metabolic levels， language fluency and information processing function in patients with schizophrenia， so as to provide references for clinical understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms of schizophrenia. MethodsA total of 96 patients with schizophrenia were included in the study group， who were hospitalized in the Fourth People's Hospital of Hefei from January 2021 to December 2022 as well as met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition （DSM-5） and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview （MINI） 6.0 .Meanwhile， population who underwent physical examination at the same hospital were included in the control group （n=42）. A high-sensitivity multi factor electrochemiluminescence analyzer was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors IL-4， IL-5， IL-7， IL-8， IL-10 and IL-13. A fully automated biochemical analyzer was used to detect the levels of metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose， triglycerides， high-density lipoprotein， apolipoprotein A， creatinine and urea nitrogen. Verbal fluency and information processing function of all participants were assessed by using Verbal Fluency Test （VFT） and Stroop Color Word Test （SCWT）. ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in the levels of IL-4， IL-5， IL-7， IL-8， IL-10， IL-13 and IL-15 between the study group and the control group （P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in BMI， waist circumference， fasting blood glucose， triglycerides， high-density lipoprotein， urea nitrogen， apolipoprotein A and creatinine levels between the two groups （P<0.05）. The differences in the correct number of household appliances， animals， fruits， vegetables， names starting with "water" and "self" in VFT between the two groups were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The differences in point reaction time， character reaction time and character color reaction time in SCWT between the two groups were statistically significant （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that except for creatinine levels， the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in patients with schizophrenia were correlated with other indicators （P<0.05）. IL-7 levels were correlated with creatinine levels， household appliances， animals， fruits， correct number of names starting with "water" in VFT， point reaction time and word reaction time in SCWT （P<0.05）. IL-8 levels were correlated with triglyceride levels， household appliances， animals， fruits， vegetables， correct number of names starting with "water" and "self" in VFT and word reaction time in SCWT （P<0.05）. Except for creatinine levels and the correct number of names starting with "self"， IL-10 levels were correlated with all other indicators （P<0.05）. Except for creatinine and urea nitrogen levels， IL-13 levels were correlated with other indicators （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe levels of inflammatory factors in patients with schizophrenia may be related to their metabolic levels， language fluency and information processing function. ［Funded by Anhui Province Key Research and Development Plan Project （number， 2022e07020002）］

Objective : To explore the difference of serum inflammatory factors in patients with first episode schizo- phrenia , patients with relapse episode schizophrenia and healthy people , and the correlation between serum inflam- matory factors with negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia , so as to provide reference for clinical inter- vention . Methods : A total of 86 patients with first episode schizophrenia (first episode group) , 80 patients with re- lapse episode schizophrenia ( relapse episode group) and 82 healthy people ( control group) were included in the study. The difference of serum inflammatory factors among the three groups and the correlation between serum inflammatory factors with negative symptoms were analyzed . Results : There were significant differences in serum interleukin (IL) -1βand IL-16 levels among the three groups (P < 0. 05) . The analysis and comparison between the two groups showed that the serum IL-1βin first episode group was significantly higher than that in relapse episode group and control group(P < 0. 05) , serum IL-16 in first episode group and relapse episode group was significantly higher than that in control group(P < 0. 05) . Serum IL-1βwas negatively correlated with PANSS general psycho- pathological scale factor score in first episode group( P < 0. 05) , and serum IL-16 was positively correlated with PANSS negative symptom scale factor score in relapse episode group( P < 0. 05) . IL-16 level might be an inde- pendent risk factor affecting the onset of first episode group and relapse episode group(P < 0. 05) . Conclusion There are differences in serum levels of IL-1βand IL-16 between patients with schizophrenia and healthy people . Serum IL-16 levels in patients with relapse episode schizophrenia are associated with negative symptoms . IL-16 lev- el may be an independent risk factor for schizophrenia.

Objective : To explore the differences of serum inflammatory cytokines and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains⁃2(Tie⁃2) levels between patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia and healthy people , and the correlation with clinical symptoms . Methods : A total of 168 participants were recruited , including 86 patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia (patient group) and 82 healthy people ( control group) . Demographic data , Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (PANSS) were collected at baseline . Serum inflammatory cytokines and Tie⁃2 levels were determined by MesoScale Discovery (MSD) . Results : Compared with the control group , the levels of serum interleukin (IL) Ⅳ1β and IL⁃4 in the patient group increased (P < 0. 05) , while the level of Tie⁃2 decreased (P < 0. 05) . IL⁃1β level in the patient group was positively correlated with the total score of BPRS , the score of BPRS hostility factor and the score of PANSS positive scale factor (P < 0. 05) . The positive score of PANSS and the total score of BPRS in the patient group had a positive effect on IL⁃1β level (P < 0. 05) . PANSS negative scale factor score , general psychopathological scale factor score and total score of PANSS in patient group also had positive effects on Tie⁃2 level (P < 0. 05) . IL⁃1β level in the patient group could effectively predict the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia at the critical level of 2 127. 076 pg/L , with specificity of 0. 675 and sensitivity of 0. 639 . The AUC of IL⁃1β and Tie⁃2 were 0. 836 1 and 0. 646 2 , respectively . Conclusion The levels of IL⁃1β , IL⁃4 and Tie⁃2 in patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia are different from those in healthy people . IL⁃1β levels in patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia are correlated with part of clinical symptoms . IL⁃1β and Tie⁃2 levels in the patient group may be influencing factors with high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with first⁃episode schizophrenia .