Objective To investigate the usefulness of calcium and phosphorus supplementation in parenteral nutrition for extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants.Methods According to the inclusion criteria,66 ELBW infants hospitalized after birth in neonatal ward of Tongji Hospital from June 2009 to December 2012 were divided into three groups with random number table:28 infants in the first group were treated with parenteral nutrition without calcium and phosphorus supplementation,21 infants in the second group were treated with parenteral nutrition with calcium supplementation only,and 17 infants in the third group was treated with parenteral nutrition with calcium and phosphorus supplementation.The blood levels of ionic calcium,blood phosphorus,and urine calcium and creatinine were determined once a week (total of 4 times).The speed of sound (SOS) was detected for shin bones by quantitative ultrasound at the date of admitting and the end of 4weeks.Results After administrations of supplementation,the blood levels of ionic calcium in the second group were significantly higher than those in the first group [on the 14th day,(1.82 ± 0.35) mmol/L vs.(1.14 ±0.47) mmol/L,t=5.800,P=0.005;onthe21stday,(1.77±0.45) mmol/Lvs.(1.07±0.43) mmol/L,t=5.492,P=0.004; on the 28th day,(1.61±0.58) mmol/Lvs.(0.92±0.44) mmol/L,t=4.556,P=0.025].The blood levels of ionic calcium in the third group were also significantly higher than those in the first group [on the 14th day,(1.55 ± 0.30) mmol/L vs.(1.14 ± 0.47) mmol/L,t =3.570,P =0.001 ; on the 21st day,(1.58 ±0.38) mmol/L vs.(1.07 ±0.43) mmol/L,t =4.151,P=0.000; on the 28th day,(1.55 ±0.35) mmol/L vs.(0.92 ±0.44) mmol/L,t =5.302,P =0.003].The blood levels of phosphorus were significantly elevated in the third group compared with those in the first group [on the 14th day,(1.86 ±0.10) mmol/L vs.(1.65 ±0.17) mmol/L,t=5.217,P=0.012; on the21st day,(1.88 ±0.14) mmol/Lvs.(1.61 ±0.13) mmol/L,t =6.442,P=0.003; on the 28th day,(1.89 ±0.15) mmol/L vs.(1.58 ±0.14) mmol/L,t =6.891,P =0.000] and the second group [on the 14th day,(1.86 ± 0.10) mmol/L vs.(1.53 ±0.15) mmol/L,t =8.100,P=0.000; on 21st day,(1.88 ±0.14) mmo/Lvs.(1.57 ±0.14) mmol/L,t =6.787,P =0.000; on the 28th day,(1.89 ± 0.15) mmol/L vs.(1.62 ± 0.18) mmol/L,t =5.043,P =0.000].The calcium-to-phosphorus ratios markedly increased in the second group compared with those in the first group (on the 14th day,0.69 ±0.18 vs.0.33 ±0.14,t =7.601,P =0.000; on the 21st day,0.66±0.16 vs.0.37 ±0.14,t =6.62,P=0.001 ; on the 28th day,0.62 ±0.15 vs.0.39 ±0.12,t =5.776,P =0.005) while declined in the third group (on the 14th day,0.14 ± 0.10 vs.0.33 ± 0.14,t =5.294,P =0.010; on the 21st day,0.13 ± 0.12 vs.0.37 ± 0.14,t =6.102,P =0.002; on the 28th day,0.12 ± 0.11 vs.0.39 ± 0.12,t =7.711,P =0.000).The third group showed significantly increased SOS values than those in the first and second groups [(381 ± 87) m/s vs.(135 ± 87) m/s,t =9.815,P =0.000;(381 ±87) m/s vs.(146 ±68) m/s,t =9.774,P=0.000].Conclusions Proper supplementation of calcium and phosphorus via parenteral nutrition can achieve increased bone mineral contents and stable blood ionic calcium and phosphorus levels,and avoid hypercalciuria in ELBW infants.PN therapy with calcium and phosphorus supplementation in ELBW infants needs further studies.

0.05).Conclusions Both GH and GHF,gelatin hydrolysates with various molecular weights,can stimulate rat dermis fibroblasts proliferation,and the latter can meanwhile increase type Ⅰ collagen secretion.

Objective To compare the treatment responses of the inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone (50/500 μg) for three months in the different clinical phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) which were chronic bronchitis phenotype and emphysema phenotype and to explore the difference of the treatment responses.Methods To enroll and follow up the stable COPD patients from outpatient department who received the treatment of inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone (50/500 μg).Patients with low attenuation area (LAA,the density on CT scan ＜-950 HU) ≥15％ of the while lung area％ (LAA％) were defined as emphysema group,while patients with LAA％ ＜ 15％ were defined as chronic bronchitis group.All the subjects received lung function test before and after three-month treatment.Results Totally,84 patients (49 male and 35 female patients) with stable COPD were enrolled with an average age (61.04 ±9.23) years old,30 patients in emphysema group and 54 patients in chronic bronchitis group.Before treatment,forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) ％ predicted value and residual volume (RV) ％ predicted value in emphysema group were lower than those of chronic bronchitis group (P =0.04 and P =0.01),while inspiratory capacity (IC)％ predicted value was higher than that of chronic bronchitis group (P =0.02).After three-month salmeterol and fluticasone inhalation treatment,FEV1 and RV were improved in both groups,but FEV1 and RV in chronic bronchitis group were improved more significantly than those of emphysema group (P =0.02 and P =0.03).Conclusions The treatment responses of different clinical phenotypes of COPD to inhalation of combination of salmeterol and fluticasone were different,chronic bronchitis phenotype had better treatment response compared to emphysema phenotype.

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of measles virus strains causing two outbreaks in Guizhou province from November 2014 to March 2015. Methods Throat swab samples collect-ed from measles cases in two outbreaks were inoculated into Vero/SLAM cells. Viral RNAs were extracted from positive cultures. Nucleoprotein genes were amplified by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Results Eleven strains of wild-type measles virus were isolated from the two measles outbreaks and all of them belonged to H1a sub-geno-type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that those strains were clustered into two distinct branches. Differences in nucleotide and amino acid genetic distances between the 11 strains of measles virus and the WHO reference strain of H1a sub-genotype (Chin9322) were 1. 1%-1. 6% and 0. 7%-3. 4%, respectively. Compared with the reference strain Chin9322 and Guizhou epidemic strains in recent years, six strains showed amino acid sequence mutations in 47 ( G to S) , 82 ( S to G) and 122 ( R to K) sites and two strains had a mutation in 98 ( P-L) site. Conclusion H1a sub-genotype measles virus was the predominant pathogen causing two measles outbreaks in Guizhou province during 2014 to 2015. Moreover, it was also a predominant sub-geno-type circulating in China and Guizhou province. Different measles virus strains of H1a sub-genotype contin-ued to be prevalent in Guizhou province. This study provided some scientific data for the control and elimina-tion of measles in Guizhou province.

Objective To study the time-and dose-effect of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 4934 bp and 4977 bp deletions in the human peripheral blood irradiated by137 Cs γ-rays,and to evaluate its implication in biological dosimetry.Methods The peripheral blood from five healthy adults was collected and irradiated with γ-rays.The peripheral blood of one healthy adult was irradiated with 5 Gy and cultured for 2,24,48 and 72 h after irradiation.The peripheral blood from the other four healthy adults was cultured for 2 h after 0,0.5,1,2,5 and 10 Gy irradiation.The peripheral blood mtDNA 4934 bp and 4977 bp deletions were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.The doseeffect curves were fitted using Curve Expert 1.4 Software.Results mtDNA 4934 bp and 4977 bp deletions were induced at 2 h post-irradiation and the mtDNA 4934 bp deletion had relative high levels at 2 h and 48h after radiation (t =10.782 and 8.966,P ＜ 0.05),and mtDNA 4977 bp deletion reached the highest level at 48 h after radiation (t =7.433,P ＜0.05).mtDNA 4934 bp (t =2.895-8.105,P ＜0.05) and 4977 bp deletion (t =3.006-7.715,P ＜0.05) irradiated at 0.5-10 Gy increased with a dosedependent manner.The incidence of mtDNA 4977 bp deletion was higher than that of 4934 bp deletion for those samples exposed with same dose of irradiation,especially at 10 Gy (t =2.919,P ＜ 0.05),which suggested that 4977 bp deletion might be more sensitive than 4934 bp deletion at high dose.But larger individual differences were found in 4977 bp deletion compared with 4934 bp deletion.The dose-effect equations for 4934 bp deletion and 4977 bp deletion were Y1 =1.178 + 0.1219D (R2 =0.9269) and Y2 =1.2578 +0.1933D (R2 =0.9016),respectively.Conclusions The induction of mtDNA deletion was correlated with radiation dose,and thus it may be a available method for biological dose estimation and prognostic evaluation.

Objective To evaluate the anti-human respiratory syncytial viurs ( hRSV ) effect of aminoglucomannan ( AGM) in mice.Methods BALB/c mice infected with hRSV were randomly divided into AGM and konjac glucomannan ( KGM) groups with 54 in each.Then, mice in AGM group and KGM group were subdivided into three groups and treated with different doses of AGM or KGM as 2.5 μmol/L, 0.25 μmol/L or 0.025μmol/L.Each subgroup was further divided into 3 groups with 6 in each according to administration intervals of AGM or KGM as 8 h, 12 h or 24 h.All the mice are sacrificed at 72 h.The general condition of the mice was observed everyday.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of hRSV fusion protein ( F) mRNA in the lung tissue of the mice. HE staining method and immunohistochemistry technique for intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1) expression in the lung tissue were used to evaluate the inflammation in the lung tissue.ANOVA for randomized block design was used to examine the influence of dose and administration intervals on the expressions of hRSV F mRNA and ICAM-1.Results Reduced activity and asthma were observed in 16 mice in the KGM group, but not in the AGM group.And two mice in the KGM group died at d3, but there was no death in the AGM group.RT-PCR showed that the levels of hRSV F mRNA in lung tissues were 0.49 ±0.21 in AGM group and 0.88 ±0.06 in KGM group (t=6.71, P<0.05).HE staining of lung tissue showed that the inflammation in KGM group was more serious than that in AGM group.The expression of ICAM-1 in AGM group was much lower than that in KGM group, and there was statistical difference between two groups (t=13.88, P<0.05).In AGM group, the levels of RSV F mRNA and ICAM-1 decreased with the increase of AGM’s concentration and rised with longer administration intervals (P<0.05), but these were not observed in KGM group (P>0.05).Conclusion AGM can alleviate the inflammation of lung tissue in mice infected with hRSV in a dose and time-depandent manner.

Objective To evaluate the effect of caffeine citrate on oxygen metabolism in brain and intestine in premature infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).Methods Preterm infants aged 30-34 weeks with NRDS admitted in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center during May 2015 and April 2016 were enrolled.They were administrated with maintainance dose of caffeine citrate at the 2nd day after birth.The oxygen metabolism in brain and intestine 1 h before,during and after the administration were recorded by near infrared spectroscopy.Results The cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) showed a less significant change before,during and after treatment.While a marked increase was seen in intestinal oxygen saturation (SsO2) during and after caffeine citrate administration,as well as the change of SsO2/ScO2 than before.SsO2/ScO2 was dramatical higher in infants with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) than in those with incubator oxygen supply and mechanical ventilation during and after caffeine citrate treatment than before.Conclusion Caffeine citrate may improve the delivery of oxygen and may increase the oxygenation in local tissues for preterm infants with NRDS,especially for infants with nCPAP.

Objective To investigate the nature of Th17 cells in murine cytomegalovirus(MCMV)infection during the acute stage,we characterized the frequency of IL-17A-producing CD4 T cells and the level of Th17 cytokines,IL-17A,in MCMV-infected mice.Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups.One was infected with MCMV Smith for establishing disseminative infection; the other was sham-inoculated control.On day 3,7,14 and 28 of the experiment,three mice of each group were randomly chosen to be killed separately.Real-time PCR was used to detect MCMV loads in organs of MCMV-infected mice,the pathology of spleen was observed by HE staining.The frequency of CD4+IL-17A+ T cells in total splenocytes of mice was detected by flow cytometry.The level of IL-17A in culture supernatants of splenocytes was measured by double antibody sandwich ELISA.Results MCMV loads in salivary gland reached the peak on day 14 after MCMV infection,the most severe spleen injury was also shown on day 14,the frequencies of CD4+IL-17A+ T cells in total splenocytes increased significantly( all P＜0.01 ) in MCMV-infected mice than those in controls,and reached the peak on day 14 ( 1.14％ ±0.09％ vs 0.19％ ±0.04％,t =17.551,P=0.000).The levels of MCMV-specific IL-17A in culture supernatants were increased dramatically in MCMV-infected mice than those in controls on day 14 [ (81.98± 12.37) pg/ml vs (44.96±8.44)pg/ml,t=4.281,P=0.006].In MCMV-infected mice,correlation was positive between the levels of MCMV-specific IL-17A in culture supernatants and MCMV loads in salivary gland tissues (r=0.54,P＜0.05 ),the levels of IL-17 A in culture supernatants were higher in more severe spleen injury.Conclusion Thl7 cells and IL-17A were involved in the immunity response during acute MCMV infection.They may correlate with the persistence of MCMV and the pathology of spleen in infected mice.

ObjectiveTo observe the changes of AIM2 ( absent in melanoma 2) inflammasome during early murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection.MethodsBALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups.One was infected with MCMV Smith for establishing disseminated infection,the other was sham-inoculated control.On days 1,3,5 and 7 of the experiment,three mice of each group were randomly chosen to be killed separately.The expression of AIM2,ASC and caspase-1 in splenic macrophages was detected by Western blot,the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in sera were measured by double antibody sandwich ELISA,and the viral titers in salivary gland tissues were quantified by a standard plaque assay.Results The MCMV titers in salivary gland tissues were gradually increased in MCMV-infected mice on days 3,5 and 7,while the expressions of AIM2 in macrophages were began to increase on day 1 and significantly increased and reached the highest level on day 3 but gradually decreased afterwards.The relative intensity of AIM2 on day 3 differed significantly between the MCMV-infected mice and the controls (1.121±0.243 vs 0.240±0.046,P＜0.01,t test),as did ASC ( 1.318±0.333 vs 0.248±0.090,P＜0.01 ) and caspase-1 ( 1.085±0.243 vs 0.247±0.064,P＜0.01 ).Meanwhile,the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in MCMV-infected mice were (112.72±5.20) pg/ml and (42.74±4.23) pg/ml,and the levels were significantly higher (P＜0.01 ) than those in controls [ (47.86±4.35) pg/ml and (22.60±2.82) pg/ml].ConclusionThese results demonstrate that AIM2 inflammasome is activated in macrophages during early MCMV infection and could be as a therapeutic target for CMV-induced diseases.

Objective To explore the correlation between the expression of IL-17A and the degree of spleen damage in acute mouse cytomegalovirus(MCMV) disseminated infection in vivo and to understand the mechanism about how IL-17A involved in the pathological damage of the spleen in MCMV infection.Methods An acute disseminated MCMV infection model was established in mice.BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups.Mice in group one were infected with MCMV Smith to establish disseminated infection.Mice in another group were sham-infected control.Three mice from each group were randomly chosen to be sacrificed on days 3,7,14 and 28 after the infection.Viral titers in spleen tissues were determined using a standard plaque assay.The expression of IL-17A mRNA and MCMV mRNA in the splenocytes were measured by RT-PCR.The expression of IL-17A in spleen tissues was observed by immunohistochemical staining.The pathology of the infected mice was assessed by histological examination of H&E stained spleen sections.Results Viral titers and MCMV mRNA in the spleen peaked on day 3,but quickly diminished on day 7.Virus was no longer detectable in the spleen on day 14 after the infection.The expression of IL-17A mRNA was significantly increased during the acute infection and reached the highest level on day 14,then decreased on day 28.It is significantly higher than that of the mock infection group.Immunohistochemistry assay also indicated that the expression of IL-17A in spleen tissue gradually increased to climax on day 14,then decreased on day 28.Accordingly,the pathological damages of spleen tissue in the infected mice deteriorated until day 14,then showed signs of recovery on day 28.The most severe pathological injury of spleen tissue and the highest expression of IL-17A appeared in the same period of time.Conclusion Our results showed a close correlation between IL-17A and the pathological damage in spleen.Thus,IL-17A may contribute to the spleen pathological damage during the acute disseminated MCMV infection.