Objective To investigate the effect of estrogen on expression of matrix GLA protein (MGP)in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats and the role of estrogen in improving postmenopausal osteoporosis.Methods Thirty-six SD female rats were allocated into 3 groups randomly,every 12 rats in ovariectomized group(OVX group),estrogen group(E group)and control group(sham group).Rats in OVX and E group all underwent bilateral ovariectomy,those rats in E group were given by estradiol benzoate intramuscularly after 3 weeks of ovariectomy.Rats in sham group underwent bilateral lipectomy near the ovary.All rats were kept the urine and the serum every three weeks and were sacrificed after 15 weeks.The pathology changes of uterus,lumbar vertebral bones were observed by immunohistochemistry.Bone mineral density(BMD)of lumbar vertebra of rats was determined by dual energy X ray absorptiometry(DEXA).The content of MGP in serum and urine was determined by ELISA.Expression of underearboxylated matrix GLA Protein(MGP)was detected by immunohistochemistry.Relative quantification of MGP mRNA expression in lumbar vertebra bone was detected by Fluorescent real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results(1)After 15 weeks of ovariectomized,the endometrium of uterus and lumbar vertebra exhibit remarkable pathologic changes in OVX group.The serum estrogen of(454±66)pmol/L in OVX group were lower than in(527 ±77)pmol/L in sham group and(556 ±80)pmol/L in E group significantly (P ＜ 0.05).The BMD of lumbar vertebra of(0.263 ± 0.030)g/cm2 in OVX group were lower than (0.295 ±0.024)g/cm2 in sham group and(0.279 ±0.024)g/cm2 in E group significantly(P ＜0.01).(2)The serum MPG protein in OVX group and E group showed decreased trends after ovariectomized,which were(104 ±64)ng/L in OVX group and(134 ±6)ng/L in E group at 9 weeks,which reached statistical difference(P ＜ 0.05).However,MGP in urine in sham group did not exhibit significant difference after 15 weeks of surgery(P ＞0.05).The MGP in urine of E group showed increased trends after 12 weeks of surgery,which reached(110.0 ±3.4)ng/L at 15 weeks,in the mean time,it was found that(86.5 ±2.5)ng/L of MGP in urine in OVX group,which showed significant difference(P ＜ 0.05).(3)MGP could be observed in lumbar vertebra in OVX group by immunochemistry staining.In the other two groups,the expression of MGP was not dominant.(4)Relative quantification of MGP mRNA expression in lumbar vertebra was defined as 1 in OVX group,when compared with 0.289 ±0.260 in E group and 0.103 ±0.098 in sham group,the difference showed statistically significant(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Estrogen could increase the expression of MGP mRNA and protein in ovariectomized rats and might play an important role in improving postmenopausal osteoporosis.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of parathyroid hormone on expression of matrix GLA protein (MGP) in ovariectomized SD rats and primary osteoblast,and to study the role of MGP on the possible mechanism of postmenopausal osteoporosis.MethodsThirty-six Sprague-Dawley female rats were allocated into 3 groups,12 in each:sham operation group,ovariectomized group( OVX group),ovariectomized and parathyroid hormone treatment group.Animals in the parathyroid hormone group were injected parathyroid hormone (20 μg/kg,three times a week for 12 weeks) three weeks after ovariectomy.All rats were sacrificed after 18 weeks.Urine and serum were collected every three weeks.Lumbar vertebral bones were observed by immunohistochemistry.Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebra of rats was determined.The content of MGP in serum and urine was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Expression of undercarboxylated Matrix GLA Protein (ucMGP) was detected by immunochistochemistry.Relative quantification of MGP mRNA expression in lumbar vertebra bone was detected by Fluorescent real-time quantitative polymerause chain reaction.Results ( 1 ) 18 weeks after ovariectomy,BMD of lumbar vertebra in OVX group was lower than those in sham group and parathyroid hormone group significantly ( P＜0.05 ).(2) The content of MGP in serum and urine was dynamic variation after treatment hy parathyroid hormone,and it was significant compared with OVX group ( P＜0.05 ).( 3 ) Immunohistochemical localization of ucMGP was seen in lumbar vertebra in OVX group.(4) Relative quantification of MGP mRNA expression in lumbar vertebra in OVX group was increased significantly compared with other groups ( P＜0.01 ).( 5 ) parathyroid hormone ( 1-34 ) in 10-7mol/L,10-8mol/L,10-9 mol/L up-regulated MGP mRNA expression in primary osteoblasts about 6.78,5.31,and 2.23 times than control respectively.It was in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionThe effect of parathyroid hormone on the expression of matrix gla protein may play an important role in mechanism of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Objective To observe the expression of matrix gla protein(MGP) mRNA in primary osteoblasts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat in vitro after treatment with anti-osteoporosis agents [vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate],and to investigate the potential role of MGP in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.Methods Primary osteoblasts(OBs) were derived from sequential trypsin/collagenase-digested calvaria isolated from newborn SD rat (postnastal day 1-3).OBs of the second generation were identified by Van Gieson collagen staining,alkaline phosphatase(ALP) staining and calcified nodules staining.OBs of the fourth generation were selected to interfere with vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate,then cultured for 24 h in mediums which contained various concentrations of vitamin K2 (10-7,10-6,and 10-5 mol/L),PTH (10-9,10-8,and 10-7 mol/L),1,25 (OH) 2D3(10-10,10-9,and 10-8mol/L),alendronate(10-6,10-5,and 10-4mol/L).After being cultured for 24 h,total RNA was extracted and examined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR.Results The primary cultured cells had typical morphological characters of osteoblast.van Gieson collagen staining,ALP staining,and calcified nodules staining were all positive.Vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate could modulate the expression of MGP mRNA in osteoblasts in a dose-dependent fashion.MGP mRNA expressions were 2.56-fold,2.12-fold,and 1.57-fold with 10-5,10-6,and 10-7 mol/L of vitamin K2 treatment,respectively.The expressions were 6.78-fold,5.31-fold,and 2.23-fold with 10-7,10-8,and 10-9mol/L of PTH(1-34) treatment,8.93-fold,6.95-fold,and 3.47-fold with 10-8 10-9,and 10-10mol/L of 1,25 (OH)2D3 treatment,and 3.47-fold,2.49-fold,and 1.98-fold with 10-4,10-5,and 10-6mol/L of alendronate treatment.Conclusion Vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate all canregulate MGP mRNA expression in calvarial osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner.MGP seems to be a potent target of anti-osteoporosis agents,and involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of YingZhongXiao Ointment(YZXO)in the treatment of goiter based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.Methods TCMSP,TCMID,BATMAN-TCM,TCM-MESH,were used to screen the effective active ingredients and targets of YZXO.GeneCards,OMIM,Pharm GKB and Drug Bank databases were used to obtain goiter disease targets.After mapping the drug targets to the disease targets,the intersecting targets were screened,and then the intersecting targets were used to construct a PPI network and screen the core targets,which were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Results In this study,227 active ingredients,314 targets and 847 goiter targets were screened,and 78 potential targets for goiter treatment were obtained after mapping.449 biological processes were obtained from GO enrichment analysis,and 118 pathways were identified from KEGG enrichment analysis,including PI3K-Akt,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)and other signalling pathways.The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the model group,the gene expression of PI3K/Akt/m TOR signalling pathway in thyroid tissue of rats in each dose group and LT4 group was decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05),p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt was decreased(P<0.01),the protein content of VEGF and PCNA was decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05),and the protein content of Fas and FasL was increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion This study suggests that the mechanism of YZXO treated goiter by Resolving the Fire may be related to downregulation of PI3K/Akt/m TOR signalling pathway,inhibition of abnormal thyroid cell proliferation and promotion of thyroid cell apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the risk factorsthat predict pain during colonoscopy for decision of sedation or analgesia before the examination. Methods A total of 283 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopicexamination at Nanfang Hospital between July, 2016 and September, 2016were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data and visual analogue scale after the examination were analyzed to identify the risk factors for pain during colonoscopy using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A risk stratification model for predicting pain in colonoscopy was established. Results The completion rate of the procedure was significantly lower in patients with a visual analogue scale ≥5 (P<0.000). Univariate analysis showed that female patients, previous abdominal surgery, no previous experience with colonoscopy, complaint of abdominal pain before colonoscopy, insufficient experience of the endoscopists, patient's anticipation of high painlevelbefore examination, and a low body mass index (BMI) were all associated with the experience of pain in colonoscopy (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regressionanalysis identified BMI index (X1), level of experience of the endoscopist (A1, A2, A3) and the patient's anticipation of painlevel (X2) as the risk factors of pain in colonoscopy(P<0.05), and the establishedmodel with the 3 variables was:P=eY/(1+eY),Y=0.049-0.124 × X1-0.97 × X2+1.713 × A1+0.781 × A2+0.147 × A3, which showed a sensitivity of 70.3%and a specificity of 67.5%for predicting pain in colonoscopy. Conclusion The patient's anticipation of a high pain level in colonoscopy, insufficient experience of the endoscopist, and a low BMI are the independent risk factors for pain in colonoscopy, and evaluation of these factors can help in the decision-making concerning the use of sedation or analgesia before colonoscopy.

Objective To investigate the risk factorsthat predict pain during colonoscopy for decision of sedation or analgesia before the examination. Methods A total of 283 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopicexamination at Nanfang Hospital between July, 2016 and September, 2016were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data and visual analogue scale after the examination were analyzed to identify the risk factors for pain during colonoscopy using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A risk stratification model for predicting pain in colonoscopy was established. Results The completion rate of the procedure was significantly lower in patients with a visual analogue scale ≥5 (P<0.000). Univariate analysis showed that female patients, previous abdominal surgery, no previous experience with colonoscopy, complaint of abdominal pain before colonoscopy, insufficient experience of the endoscopists, patient's anticipation of high painlevelbefore examination, and a low body mass index (BMI) were all associated with the experience of pain in colonoscopy (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regressionanalysis identified BMI index (X1), level of experience of the endoscopist (A1, A2, A3) and the patient's anticipation of painlevel (X2) as the risk factors of pain in colonoscopy(P<0.05), and the establishedmodel with the 3 variables was:P=eY/(1+eY),Y=0.049-0.124 × X1-0.97 × X2+1.713 × A1+0.781 × A2+0.147 × A3, which showed a sensitivity of 70.3%and a specificity of 67.5%for predicting pain in colonoscopy. Conclusion The patient's anticipation of a high pain level in colonoscopy, insufficient experience of the endoscopist, and a low BMI are the independent risk factors for pain in colonoscopy, and evaluation of these factors can help in the decision-making concerning the use of sedation or analgesia before colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathologic features of adult-onset autoimmune enteropathy (AIE).

METHODSA case of adult-onset AIE was described along with a literature review.

RESULTSA 41-year-old male patient was admitted for intractable diarrhea for more than three months despite of any dietary restriction or anti-inflammatory therapy. Fat globule was observed by stool examination and Sudan III staining of the stool was positive. Enteroclysis showed weak movement and few plica of small intestine, while colonoscopy appeared normal. Small bowel biopsies revealed villus atrophy and increased crypt apoptotic bodies and lymphocytic infiltration in deep crypt. Although without significant surface intro-epithelial lymphocytosis, there were a large number of monocytes, lymphocytes, plasmacytes and neutrophilic granulocytes infiltrating in the lamina propria. Morphologically, the colonic mucous was similar to the small intestine although cryptitis and crypt abscess were significant in the former. Serum IgG anti-goblet cell antibody was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Other causes of diarrhea were excluded on the base of medical history, histopathology and other accessory examinations before the diagnosis of AIE was made. The patient had a complete remission after steroid treatment without recurrence for eight months during the follow-up even after steroid withdrawal for five months.

CONCLUSIONSAIE is exceedingly rare and timely diagnosis is important for successful therapy. Histological differential diagnoses should include ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, lymphocytic colitis, etc. The final diagnosis should be based on histological examination combined with the patient history, clinical manifestation, endoscopy finding and serological testing.

Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Celiac Disease ; pathology ; Colon ; pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diarrhea ; etiology ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; pathology ; Intestine, Small ; pathology ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphocytosis ; pathology ; Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune ; pathology