At present, problems in nursing diagnoses include: omission of important diagnoses, inexact diagnoses, irregular writing of diagnoses, unclear differentiation of what is primary from what is secondary in the ordering of diagnoses, improper classification of relevant factors, neglect of psychological and social problems, confusion of problems involving cooperation and potential problems, and lack of conformity between diagnoses and admission evaluation. Measures for solving these problems include: change of concepts, improvement of the overall quality of the nursing personnel, enhancement of the awareness of quality, and reinforcement of assessment and guidance.

Objective To study changes of dielectric properties of gastrocnemius caused by simulated weightlessness.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats tail suspended for 10 wk were observed together with its normal control.AC impedance of isolated gastrocnemius was measured with an impedance analyzer(Agilent 4294A).Effects of simulated weightlessness on electric properties of cells in isolated rat sural muscle were also observed by analyzing the dielectric numerical characters of the dielectric spectra,the Cole-Cole plots,spectrum of loss factor and loss tangent,as well as spectrum of conductivity imaginary part.Results It was found that simulated weightlessness could induce certain changes:both relative permittivity at low frequency ?L and relative permittivity increment ??,as well as conductivity at high frequency ?h and conductivity increment ?? were all reduced.The first characteristic frequency fC1 decreased,while the second characteristic frequency fC2 increased.Peak of loss factor,peak of loss tangent and the maximum of conductivity imaginary part were also reduced.Conclusion Changes of dielectric property of gastrocnemius induced by simulated weightlessness can be observed effectively by frequency domain impedance technique.

Objective To investigate the oxidative damage of lead acetate and sodium arsenite to human immortalized keratinocytes line HaCaT and the protective effects of TFBP extracted from the leaves of broussoneria papyifera. Methods Cultured immotlalized keratinocytes line HaCaT were treated by 0.1 mmol/L lead acetate and 5.0 ?mol/L sodium arsenite respectively,and 0～200 mg/L TFBP were added to the culture media at the same time. The contents of malondialdehyde(MDA?雪,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in the cultured HaCaT cells were determined. The protective effects of TFBP at different concentrations were evaluated. Results 0.1 mmol/L lead acetate caused oxidative damage to HaCaT cells markedly. When the concentrations were increased to more than 100 mg/L,TFBP had certain protective effects from the damage induced by lead acetate with the decrease of the MDA levels from 4.23 ?mol/L to 1.87 ?mol/L and the increase of the SOD levels from 25.90 U/mg Pro to 37.12 U/mg Pro,while the activities of GSH-Px showed no significant change. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased in the cultured cells treated by sodium arsenite with 150 mg/L and 200 mg/L TFBP. Conclusion Lead acetate and sodium arsenite could cause significant oxidative damage to HaCaT cells and TFBP had certain protective effects on the cells from the oxidative damage induced by lead acetate and sodium arsenite under the conditions of this study.

Objective To explore frequency distribution of vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotype and the correlations between polymorphism of VDR gene Bsm Ⅰ sites and bone mineral density in the patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis.Methods A case-control study was conducted based on 82 patients with maintenance peritoneal dialysis and 80 healthy people.The frequency distribution of VDR genotype in two groups was detected and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Serum biochemistry and bone mineral density of the patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis were detected by dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) and automatic biochemical analyzer,respectively.All data was analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software.Results The frequency distribution of VDR genotype between case group and control group had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The serum biochemical index such as Ca,P,alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] of patients with maintenance peritoneal dialysis had no significant difference among three VDR genotypes(P ＞0.05).Compared to VDR bb genotype,the serum Ca was significantly higher in VDR BB genotype (P ＜0.05).The bone mineral density (BMD) and T-Score of patients with VDR BB genotype were the lowest,the BB genotype was the highest,and the difference was statistically significant among three genotypes (P ＜0.05).Conclusions The frequency distribution of VDR genotype between case group and control group had no significant difference.However,there is a correlation between VDR gene BsmⅠ sites and bone mineral density of maintenance peritoneal dialysis patients.

Objective To study the electrophysiological properties of rat skeletal muscle within the frequency from 100Hz to 100MHz.Methods The AC impedance of rat sural muscle tissues was measured using the Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer, then the electrophysiological properties of the normal rat sural muscle cells were established in the respect of cell dielectric spectroscopy, Cole-Cole plots, spectrum of loss factor and loss tangent.Results (1) The dielectric response of rat sural muscle cells was frequency-dependent, such as increase in frequency caused decrease in permittivity. At the same time the conductivity trended to arise; (2) The dielectric parameters(?_L,?_h,?_L,?_h,△?″_ max,△tg?_ max,f_ C1,f_ C2) cell fiber parallel to the applied electric field differed from that cell fiber perpendicular to the applied electric field; (3) The effect of alternating current electric field on rat sural muscle cells showed a dielectric dispersion phenomenon, representing two characteristic frequency: the 1 st frequency(f_ C1(∥)=f_ C1(⊥)=1.02 kHz) and 2 nd frequency(f_ C2(∥)=59.31 kHz,f_ C2(⊥)=380.04kHz). Conclusion The method for studying the electrophysiological properties of rat skeletal muscle cells was established in the respect of the frequency domain,providing a possibility for investigating muscle fatigue in the future.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of the nickel ion and provide with basic data for the biological evaluation of those medical devices containing nickel. Seven cell lines were chosen. They were L929, h9c2(2-1), 293[HEK-293], hFOB1.19, THLE-3, H9 and IM-9 respectively. According to the principle of biological evaluation of medical devices, MTT method was chosen to test the cytotoxicity in different concentrations of nickel ion. For each cell line, the relative growth rate (RGR) was obtained and the cytotoxic grade was classified. Besides, IC50 values were calculated. As a result, it was found that the sensitivity was different among all cell lines. H9 was the most sensitive one, while the L929 was the most tolerant one. The concentration which is not above 1.25 mg/L was safe for all seven cell lines, because the cytotoxicity for all cells exposed in this concentration were not higher than grade 1. According to the criteria for medical devices, the concentrations not above 5 mg/L were safe for L929 cells. This result helps us to roughly assess the cytotoxicity and systematic toxicity caused by nickel contained in medical devices.
Cell Line ; Equipment and Supplies ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Ions ; toxicity ; Nickel ; toxicity

ISO 15189:2012Medical laboratories-Requirements for quality and competence was issued on November 1,2012,which replaced the second edition (ISO 15189:2007 Medical laboratoriesParticular requirements for quality and competence).A study on changes in new edition standard will facilitate medical laboratories,regulatory authorities,accreditation bodies to have a good understanding of requirements of this new edition.An implementation of new edition will assist medical laboratory to improve their management to continually meet requirements of international standards.To enable stakeholders mentioned above have a good understanding and application of this new edition,changes in new edition were discussed in depth in this article.

Objective To explore the related pelvic floor anatomy to the pathological vaginal relaxation and key points of the vaginal tightening surgery.Methods The vaginal tightening surgery was performed in 24 cases of vaginal relaxation.The key points of this operation included levator ani muscle suturation and perineal body reconstruction,and anal sphincter reconstruction as in case of the muscle injury grade Ⅲ.Results The degree of levator ani muscle separation was positively correlated with that of vaginal relaxation in all the 24 cases.18 cases were followed up from 6 months to 2 years,and had no complications of rectovaginal fistula and infections.The average level of perineal body was increased from 2.3 cm to 3.5 cm.Vaginal length of 6 cm from vaginal orifice was proper with good tightness.The patients felt strong anal contraction,enhanced ability of vaginal tightening and improved quality of sex life.There were no more infections of genitourinary tract.Conclusions Through levator ani muscle suturation and perineal body reconstruction,it can get the vaginal tightening effect.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the value of postoperative adjuvant therapy in the treatment of stageⅢthoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( ESCC) . Methods From 2008 to 2011, a total of 395 patients with stageⅢthoracic ESCC undergoing radical resection were enrolled as subjects. In those patients.97 received surgery alone (S).212 postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (POCT),and 86 postoperative radiotherapy (PORT).Comparison of categorical data was made by chi?square test. The survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan?Meier method. The log?rank test was used for between?group comparison and univariate analysis. Results All patients were followed up for at least 3 years.125 cases were followed up for at least 5 years. The 5?year overall survival ( OS) rates in patients treated with S,POCT and PORT were 17. 1%,29. 2% and 36. 4%,respectively (P=0. 000).POCT and PORT could mainly increased OS in patients of males.upper?and middle?segment,severe ahhesion at surgery.well?or middle?differentiation,stageⅢa andⅢb(P=0. 000?0. 049);whenever ages.tumor lesion,two?/three field esophagectomy.and the number of removal lymph nodes. PORT could improved OS also (P=0. 001?0. 047).POCT could also improve OS in patients of ages≤60, tumor lesion<6 cm and removal lymph nodes<10 ( P=0. 002?0. 049 ) . The 5?year progression?free survival (PFS) were 19. 0% with S,28. 8% with POCT,36. 4% with PORT,respectively (P=0. 012).PORT could improve PFS (P=0. 012);especially for patients of males,ages ≤60,upper?and middle segment ESCC,tumor lesion ≥6 cm,severe ahhesion at surgery,removal lymph node<10 and ≥10,well or middle differentiation,stageⅢa andⅢb(P=0. 001?0. 042).But POCT could not increased PFS (P=0. 119) . Conclusions In the treatment of patients with stage Ⅲ thoracic ESCC undergoing radical resection,both POCT and PORT can improve the OS rate, particularly in patients with stage Ⅲa or Ⅲb middle and upper thoracic ESCC, severe adhesion formation during surgery. and moderately or well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The DFS rate is improved in patients treated with PORT,but not in those treated with POCT.

Objective To probe the value of color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) in diagnosis of borderline ovarian epithelial tumors (BOET).Methods Thirty-six cases of BOET,139 cases of ovarial cystadenoma and 66 cases of ovarial cystadenocarcinoma were diagnosed pathologically.All cases were preoperatively detected by CDFI.Tumor sign CA125 was also detected.The size,boundary,internal echo and internal flow distribution were observed.The results of CDFI of different diseases were contrasted.Results Ultrasonic diagnosis rate was 75 ％ (27/36) in BOET,90.6 ％ (126/139) in ovarial cystadenoma and 92.4 ％ (61/66) in ovarial cystadenocarcinoma.Positive rate of CA125 of ovarial cystadenocarcinoma was obviously higher than those of BOET and ovarial cystadenoma.Positive rate of CA125 of ovarial cystadenocarcinoma containing solid was especially higher than that of BOET containing solid.Ovarial cystadenoma mainly showed single cavity,few or without solid as well as hematoasthenia or asanguineous.BOET and ovarial cystadenocarcinoma mainly showed multi-cavity,more solid as well as plentiful blood flow.Blood flow of BOET distributed regularly comparing with ovarial cystadenocarcinoma.Conclusions Characteristics of CDFI combining results of CA125 can provide powerful reference for diagnosise and differentiate diagnosis of BOET and more information diagnostic information for clinic to chosing treatment scheme and postoperative long-term follow-up.