Purpose:To evaluate the different concentration of HCPT in rabbit blood and bladder tissue between intraarterial and intravenous penfusion groups.To indentify the probability of using HCPT as a new type of anti-tumor agent delivered by the intra-arterial pesfusion method for the treating of bladder cancer.Materials and methods:Group A:40 white female rabbits were divided into 2 groups(intraarterial and intravenous)and each was subdivided according to the time intervalsof bladder tissue sampling,of 5,15,30,60,120 minites after the drug delivering.Group B:16 white female rabbits equally divieded into 2 groups(intraarterial and intravenous)for dynamic blood sampling by the intervals of 5,15,30,60,120 minitus after the drug delivering.The intra-arterial method using an artifial bilaterial super-select internal iliac artery perfunsion model defined previouysly.The intravenous method was to deliver drugs via earmarginal vena of rabbit.1mg/kg as the concentration of the drug in bladder tissure was measured by reversed-phase HPLC.Results:The concentration of the drug in bladder tissue was significantly different between the intra-arterial and intionenous groups.Drug in the bladder tissue delivered by intra-artial method was 2.17,3.41,1.51,1.52,2.33 times as much as by intra-venous method.While drugs in blood by intra-venous method was 1.92,2.03,1.77, 1.92,1.40 times as much as by intra-arterial method.Conclusion:HCPT is suitable for trans- arterial perfusion for the treating of bladder cancer.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(B-RTO)in treating varices of gastric fundus.Methods Total 11 patients with liver cirrhosis-combined gastric varices were treated by B-RTO.Transfemoral approach was used in all cases.A balloon catheter was inserted into left adrenal vein,then sclerosing material(5% ethanolamine oleate)was injected into the gastric varices via a gastrorenal shunt with the balloon inflated,the balloon was kept in place for 60 minutes.Follow-up was made by enhanced CT and endoscopy.Results 9 varices of the 11 were disappeared or remarkably decreased in size,and no recurrence or rupture was found during the follow-up period(2-12 months).1 of the remaining two varices decreased after second B-RTO procedure.No definitive change of liver or renal function was noted.Conclusion B-RTO is effective,reliable and less invasive for the treatment of gastric varices.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the volume of spleen and zebra enhancement pattern on CTAP(CT arterial portography).Methods Total 219 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma underwent CTAP were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into three groups according to the CTAP enhancement patterns:group l,patchy heterogeneous enhancement(zebra pattern);group 2,homogeneous enhancement with remarkable hypodensity of the liver parenchyma(hypodensity pattern);group 3,homogeneous enhancement with definitive contrast(normal pattern).The volume of spleen was measured based on CT findings and compared among the groups.Results In the total 219 cases,there were 10 cases showing zebra enhancement pattern(4.6%),16 cases of homogeneous hypodensity(7.3%)and 193 of normal enhancement pattern(88.1%).The average volumes of the spleen of the three groups were (588.3?331.5) cm 3,(883.2?296.5) cm 3 and (474.4?275.0) cm 3,respectively.There was no significant difference of the splenic volume between groups 1 and 3,and the difference between groups 2 and 3 was significant.Conclusion There is no definitive relationship between the zebra enhancement pattern on CTAP and the volume of spleen,while the homogeneous hypodense enhancement is positively and significantly correlated with the volume of spleen.

Objective To compare the techniques of bolus chasing angiography(BCA)and static digital subtraction angiography(DSA).Methods The parameters of BCA and DSA including time of examination,dose of contrast medium,image quality and dose-area product(DAP)were comparatively analysed in 61 patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral disease.Results DSA in comparison with BCA was of better image quality in showing fibiofibular vessel,but DAP value was high,more contrast medium dose and examined time was long.There was statistically significant difference between both DSA and BCA(P

Objective To explore prevention and cure effects of the freeze-dried human fibrin glue as the way of the lacrimal duct embolization on xerophthalmia in perimenopausal female rabbit.Methods A total of 72 female rabbits,after anti infection treatment and were cut off third eyelid,were made into perimenopausal xerophthalmia rabbit models.After surgery,all of these rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups (12 rabbits per group):No treatment group after surgery (group A),PBS prevention group (group B),freeze-dried human fibrin prevention group (group C);no treatment group after modeling (modeling time:Two weeks after surgery,group D),PBS treatment group (group E),freeze-dried human fibrin treatmentgroup (group F).The Schirmer test (SIT),corneal fluorescein (FL) and corneal confocal microscope were performed before and 2 weeks,4 weeks,6 weeks after injection.Results There were statistical differences in FL score and SIT in group A,group B and group C among different time points (F =27.346,10.608;P =0.000,0.001);There were statistical differences between FL scores and SIT among three groups (F =7.579,6.786;P =0.002,0.007);There was significant difference in FL scores and SIT trends among three groups(F =44.897,3.424;P =0.000,0.045).The FL score and SIT of group D,group E and group F were significantly improved after treatment for 2 weeks,4 weeks and 6 weeks,the differences were statistically significant (t =2.906,3.654,4.504;P =0.022,0.017,0.013.t =4.573,5.759,7.231;P =0.032,0.019,0.008);The difference between FL score and SIT in group E and group F was statistically significant after treatment (t =2.776,4.124,5.324;P =0.032,0.026,0.017.t =1.969,3.122,4.324;P =0.038,0.023,0.009).After injection of 6 weeks,the epithelial basal cells (F =17.306,P =0.002) and inflammatory cells (F =34.024,P =0.000) of group A,B and C were significant changed,the differences were statistically significant.After injection of 6 weeks,the epithelial basal cells (F =3.749,P =0.042)and inflarnmatory cells(F=8.806,P =0.005) of group D,E and F were significant changed,the differences were also statistically significant.Conclusion Lacrimal duct embolization with freeze-dried human fibrin glue is effective for the xerophthalmia.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a rapid,noninvasive new blood flow imaging technique that was first applied to retinal retinopathy and acquired retinal vascular imaging in only a few seconds.Compared with the traditional optical coherence tomography (OCT),OCTA analyze has the advantages of higher resolution,faster scanning speed,quantitative blood flow,etc.OCTA not only can more accurately and qualitatively analyze ocular vascular morphology,but also can measure blood vessels and blood flow perfusion noninvasively and quantitatively.With the application of anti angiogenesis drugs in the anterior segment,it is important to evaluate the neovascularization of the cornea and iris in order to guide the clinical medication and evaluate the therapeutic effect.This article reviewed the application of OCTA in ocular anterior segment diseases,such as cornea and iris diseases,etc.

Objective To analyze the thickness of cornea and corneal epithelium in healthy subjects by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods Totally 100 healthy subjects aged between 20 and 30 years were analyzed by OCTA technique.Using AngioVue OCTA system of retinal imaging mode,and using SSADA algorithm for imaging,the cornea and the corneal epithelium in the central corneal diameter range of 9 mm were measured.The differences of corneal and corneal epithelial thickness in different gender regions were compared.Results In the male and female group,the corneal central total thickness were (559.92 ±33.26) μm and(540.06 ±31.63)μm,and the corneal epithelial thickness were(57.78 ±4.88) μm and(56.88 ±4.57) μm,The total central corneal thickness and central corneal epithelial thickness of the male were greater than those of the female,the difference was statistically significant (t =3.06,2.10;all P ＜ 0.05).The cornea of male was the thickest at S5,S7 and SN9,there were significant differences at S5 and S7 compared with female (t =2.93,2.83;all P ＜ 0.05);The female cornea was the thickest at S5,SN7 and SN9,and the difference was significant at S5 compared with male.The cornea of male subjects was the thinnest at IT,which was statistically significant only at IT5 compared with female subjects in the same area (t =2.02,P ＜ 0.05);The cornea of female subjects was the thinnest at T5,IT7 and T9,which was statistically significant only at T5 and T9 compared with male subjects in the same region (t =2.63,2.20;all P ＜ 0.05);There was significant difference in corneal thickness between male and female at ST (t =3.1 1,2.79,2.33;all P ＜ 0.05).The corneal epithelium was the thickest at IT5,I7,and I9,and the lowest at S5,S7 and S9,and there was no significant difference compared with female in the same region (all P ＞ 0.05).The corneal epithelium of female at the IT5,T7,N9 were the thickest,SN5,S7,S9 were the thinnest;Except for M2 and SN5,there was no significant differences in corneal epithelium between male and female groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Corneal central epithelium accounted for the largest percentage of total corneal thickness,and gradually decreased from inside to outside.Conclusion OCTA can be used to measure the thickness of corneal and corneal epithelial regions.

Autophagy is a metabolic process of lysosomal-mediated degradation of damaged proteins or aging organelles,which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of intracellular environment and achieving cell metabolism and circulation.Recent studies have shown that autophagy is closely related to the development of many ocular diseases,including cataract,glaucoma,retinal detachment,diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.In keratopathy,including granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2),Fuchs corneal endothelium dystrophy (FECD),keratitis,keratoconus (KC),corneal injury and repair,dry eye and so on,autophagic disorder can affect corneal transparency,and even lead to blindness.Regulating autophagic activity may be one of the hotspots in the study of corneal disease.This article reviews the role of autophagy and the potential therapeutic effect of autophagy regulation in cornea diseases.