Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor is a group of heterogeneous tumors and was considered as a rare tumor.According to the data of recent years,its incidence has been increased significantly.The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are varied,and serum chromogranin-A is considered the most important biomarker of both non-functioning and functioning neuroendocrine tumors.The traditional imaging examination and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy are helpful to diagnosis.Its treatments include surgery,biological treatment,radionuclide therapy and chemical therapy.The aim of this paper is to summarize briefly the clinical symptoms,diagnostic methods and treatment options of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of the extract of Vaccinium Bracteatum Thunb(VBT) leaves against light injury of retina.Methods 20 Newzealand rabbits were divided into 4 groups: the normal control group,modelⅠgroup,modelⅡ group,and model Ⅲ group.The normal control group ate and drank freely.modelⅠgroup ate and drank freely but took in 50g/(kg?d) fresh VBT leaves daily for 4 weeks.model Ⅱgroup ate and drank freely,but took in 50g/(kg?d) old VBT leaves daily for 4 weeks.model Ⅲ group ate freely,but took in 50mg/(kg?d) extract of VBT leaves(resolved in water) daily for 4 weeks.All rabbits were exposed to strong light,meanwhile, the retinas were analyzed by electroretinogram(ERG) every week.Finally,all the rabbits were killed and the content of MDA and SOD in the retina were detected.Results In the control group,the latency time of the B wave increased and the amplitude of the B wave shortened,while in the model Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups,the changes of B wave just opposite.The content of MDA in the model Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ groups was lower than that in the control group(P

Objective To investigate the application and clinical effect of uncut Roux-en-Y (uncut RY) anastomosis in laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy of gastric cancer.Methods The retrospective crosssectional study was adopted.The clinical data of 23 patients with gastric cancer who were admitted to the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from December 2014 to July 2015 were collected.All the 23 patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) and total laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) according to the individual situations.The indexes of observation were collected,including (1) intraoperative indexes:operation time,uncut RY anastomosis time and volume of inraoperative blood loss,(2) postoperative indexes:time to anal exsufflation,time for initial water intake,time for semi-fluid diet intake,time for out-off-bed activity,duration of hospital stay,occurrence of complications and results of pathological examination,(3) results of follow-up.The follow-up was performed by outpatient examination and telephone interview up to November 2015,including postoperative discomfort after diet intake,barium meal examination of gastrointestinal tract at postoperative month 1 (anas-tomotic stenosis,recanalization and dehiscence of occlusion),detecting situations of gastric remnant and anas-tomotic stoma at postoperative month 3 by gastroscopy and occurrence of gastrointestinal obstruction.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as x ± s.Results (1) Intraoperative situations:all the 23 patients underwent successful uncut RY anastomosis,including 18 receiving LADG and 5 receiving TLDG.The operation time,uncut RY anastomosis time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were (165.9 ± 11.6) minutes,(18.2 ± 2.2) minutes,(48 ± 6) mL in all the 23 patients and (172.0 ± 8.5) minutes,(26.6 ± 1.5) minutes,(46 ± 4) mL in 5 patients with TLDG,respectively.Two patients received hemostatic treatment using suture and hemostatic forceps due to anastomotic bleeding.(2) Postoperative situations:time to anal exsufflation,time for initial water intake,time for semi-fluid diet intake,time for out-off-bed activity,duration of hospital stay and incidence of complications in all the 23 patients were (2.2 ± 0.4) days,(2.7 ± 0.4) days,(3.5 ± 0.4) days,(2.7 ± 0.3) days,(10.6 ± 1.4) days and 8.7％ (2/23),respectively.No patient was dead in the perioperative period.Two patients complicated with incisional infection and high fever were cured by symptomatic treatment,without occurrence of anastomotic leakage,bleeding and anastomotic-related complications.All the patients received postoperative barium meal examination of upper gastrointestinal tract,with unblocked anastomotic stoma and without leakage of barium meal.Diameter of tumor and number of lymph node dissected were (3.2 ± 1.2) cm and 30 ± 4,with negative upper and lower resection margins.Numbers of patients with tumor differentiation,T stage,N stage and TNM stage were 12 and 11 in differentiated and undifferentiated tumors,1,9 and 13 in T1,T2 and T3 stages,9,11 and 3 in N0,N1and N2 stages,1,4,9,6 and 3 in Ⅰ a,Ⅰ b,Ⅱ,Ⅲ a and Ⅲ b stages,respectively.(3) All the 23 patients were followed up by outpatient examination for 3-11 months.One patient had discomfort in upper abdomen with vomiting at postoperative week 3,and no anastomotic leakage,bleeding and anastomotic-related complications were occurred in other patients.Conclusion As a modified anastomotic method,uncut RY anastomosis is safe and feasible,and it is also an ideal method of digestive tract reconstruction after laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the reference intervals for serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in WS/T 645.2-2018 are applicable to the adults in Changchun, China. MethodsAccording to the validation method for the reference intervals in WS/T 645.2-2018, 5420 subjects, aged from 20-79 years, who underwent physical examination from January 2016 to April 2019 were enrolled and divided into 12 subgroups based on age and sex. Each subgroup was analyzed in terms of whether more than 90% of the measured values fell into the reference intervals, and the changing trend of AFP and CEA with age and sex was analyzed. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between two groups. ResultsMore than 90% of the measured values of serum AFP and CEA fell into the reference intervals, which passed the validation test. There was a significant difference in serum AFP between male and female subjects aged 30-39 years (Z=-4.51, P＜0.05), and there was a significant difference in serum CEA between male and female subjects aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years (Z=-13.45, -18.15, -17.34, -10.82, and -3.65, all P＜0.05). Serum AFP increased slowly with age in female subjects aged 20-69 years and decreased with age in male and female subjects aged 70-79 years. Serum CEA increased with age in male and female subjects aged 20-79 years, and male subjects had a higher measured value than female subjects. ConclusionReference intervals for serum AFP and CEA in WS/T 645.2-2018 issued by National Health Commission are applicable to the adults in Changchun.

Rapid development of high-throughput technologies has permitted the identification of an increasing number of disease-associated genes (DAGs), which are important for understanding disease initiation and developing precision therapeutics. However, DAGs often contain large amounts of redundant or false positive information, leading to difficulties in quantifying and prioritizing potential relationships between these DAGs and human diseases. In this study, a network-oriented gene entropy approach (NOGEA) is proposed for accurately inferring master genes that contribute to specific diseases by quantitatively calculating their perturbation abilities on directed disease-specific gene networks. In addition, we confirmed that the master genes identified by NOGEA have a high reliability for predicting disease-specific initiation events and progression risk. Master genes may also be used to extract the underlying information of different diseases, thus revealing mechanisms of disease comorbidity. More importantly, approved therapeutic targets are topologically localized in a small neighborhood of master genes in the interactome network, which provides a new way for predicting drug-disease associations. Through this method, 11 old drugs were newly identified and predicted to be effective for treating pancreatic cancer and then validated by in vitro experiments. Collectively, the NOGEA was useful for identifying master genes that control disease initiation and co-occurrence, thus providing a valuable strategy for drug efficacy screening and re-positioning. NOGEA codes are publicly available at https://github.com/guozihuaa/NOGEA.

Genome-scale metabolomics analysis is increasingly used for pathway and function dis-covery in the post-genomics era.The great potential offered by developed mass spectrometry(MS)-based technologies has been hindered,since only a small portion of detected metabolites were iden-tifiable so far.To address the critical issue of low identification coverage in metabolomics,we adopted a deep metabolomics analysis strategy by integrating advanced algorithms and expanded reference databases.The experimental reference spectra and in silico reference spectra were adopted to facilitate the structural annotation.To further characterize the structure of metabolites,two approaches were incorporated into our strategy,i.e.,structural motif search combined with neutral loss scanning and metabolite association network.Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on 150 rice cultivars using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap MS.Consequently,a total of 1939 out of 4491 metabolite features in the MS/MS spectral tag(MS2T)library were annotated,representing an extension of annotation coverage by an order of magnitude in rice.The differential accumulation patterns of flavonoids between indica and japon-ica cultivars were revealed,especially O-sulfated flavonoids.A series of closely-related flavonolignans were characterized,adding further evidence for the crucial role of tricin-oligolignols in lignification.Our study provides an important protocol for exploring phytochemical diversity in other plant species.

Objective: To establish reference intervals (RIs) of thyroid hormone based on data from healthy subjects in laboratory information system (LIS) by indirect methods. Methods: Data were selected from the physical examination center in LIS of the First Hospital of Jilin University from May 2014 to December 2018. The normal distribution of the original data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Skewed data were transformed into normal distribution using BOX-COX techniques, and outliers were identified by the Turkey method. The continuous percentile curve was established by coefficient of skewness-median-coefficient of variation(LMS) methods. Cut-off value of age was determined by decision trees, and the differences between groups were verified by Z-tests. P_2.5 and P_97.5 in the RIs were analyzed by non-parametric methods. Results: A total of 45 742 subjects were included in the study. There were no differences in the RI for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among age groups or between men and women (Z*), and the RI was 0.60-4.41mIU/L (20-79 years old). However, the levels of free triiodothyronine(FT₃) decreased with age in males and females under 35-year-old. The RIs for FT₃ were 4.47-6.44pmol/L (20-44 years old), 4.19-6.21pmol/L (45-64 years old) and 3.90-5.85pmol/L (65-79 years old) in males, and 4.04-6.13pmol/L (20-34 years old) and 3.87-5.76pmol/L (35-79 years old) in females, respectively. The levels of free thyroxine(FT₄) in men were higher than those in women from 20 to 49 years old, and no gender and age differences could be viewed in subjects after 50 years old (Z*). The RIs for FT₄ were 13.69-21.76pmol/L (male, 20-49 years old), 12.99-20.83pmol/L (female, 20-49 years old) and 12.98-21.21pmol/L (50~79 years old). Conclusion Establishment of RIs of thyroid hormone based on the data from LIS is simple and reliable, which is suitable for clinical laboratory application.

Objective:To investigate the status of satisfaction of postgraduates majoring in public health with the teaching material of The prevention and control of chronic non- communicable disease, so as to provide the basis for promoting the teaching and optimizing the reprint of the teaching material. Methods:An online survey was conducted among 180 public health postgraduates of Batch 2018 to Batch 2020 from China CDC who took the selective course of "prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases". The survey content included the overall satisfaction of the respondents with the teaching material and such four levels of satisfaction as primary indicators at the content level, thinking level, motivation level and arrangement level and 20 secondary indicators. The statistical analysis was made by SPSS 25.0.Results:The effective response rate was 90.56% (163/180), and the overall satisfaction of postgraduates with the teaching material was 88.96%. The satisfaction of "scientificity", "comprehensiveness", "internal coordination" and "hierarchy" at the content level, "systematic thinking" and "quality education" at the thinking level, "deepening the understanding and application of relevant knowledge in the field of chronic disease prevention and control" and "the content is convenient for self-study and helps guide the construction of new knowledge" at the motivation level, and "accurate words, fluent language and easy to read and understand" and "firm binding, good paper quality and clear printing" at the arrangement level of the teaching material was more than 90.00%. Only the satisfaction of "the critical thinking" at the thinking level and "stimulating learning enthusiasm" at the motivation level was less than 85.00%.Conclusion:The teaching material of The prevention and control of chronic non- communicable disease meets the learning needs of postgraduates majoring in public health, and students have high overall satisfaction evaluation on the teaching material. It is necessary to further optimize the two aspects of "the critical thinking" and "stimulating learning enthusiasm" in the revision of the teaching material.

Objective:This study aimed to compare the audiological characteristics between children with unilateral auditory neuropathy (UAN) and single-sided deafness (SSD) to establish a valid basis for the differential diagnosis of children with UAN.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on audiological and imaging evaluations of children with UAN and SSD who were treated at Beijing Children′s Hospital of Capital Medical University between May 2015 and June 2023. There were 17 children with UAN, comprising 10 males and 7 females, with an average age of 4.7 years. Additionally, there were 43 children with SSD, consisting of 27 males and 16 females, with an average age of 6.5 years. Audiological assessments included Auditory brainstem response (ABR), Steady-state auditory evoked potential (ASSR), Behavioural audiometry, Cochlear microphonic potential (CM), Distortino-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), and acoustic immittance test. The results of the audiological assessment and imaging phenotypic between the two groups of children were compared and analyzed by applying SPSS 27.0 statistical software.Results:(1) The UAN group (77.8%) had a significantly higher rate of ABR wave III L than the SSD group (20.9%) ( P<0.01). The PA thresholds at 500 Hz and 1 000 Hz of children with SSD were higher than those of children with UAN, while the ASSR thresholds at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2 000 Hz, and 4 000 Hz of children with SSD were significantly higher than those of children with UAN ( P<0.05). (2) The degree of hearing loss in both UAN and SSD children was predominantly complete hearing loss. The percentage of complete hearing loss was significantly higher (χ2=4.353, P=0.037) in the SSD group (93.0%, 40/43) than in the UAN group (63.6%, 7/11). However, the percentage of profound hearing loss was significantly higher in the UAN group (27.3%, 3/11) than in the SSD group (2.3%, 1/43) ( Fisher′s exact test, P=0.023). In terms of hearing curve configuration, the percentage of flat type was significantly higher in the SSD group (76.7%, 33/43) than in the UAN group (36.4%, 4/11). The proportion of the UAN group (27.3%, 3/11) was significantly higher than that in the SSD group (2.3%, 1/43) in ascending type ( P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the hearing curves of the declining type and other types between the two groups ( P>0.05). (3) The proportion of imaging assessment without abnormality was significantly more common in the UAN group (81.8%) than in the SSD group (37.1%) (χ2=6.695, P=0.015). Conclusions:Compared to children with SSD, the occurrence of wave III L on the ABR test was significantly more common in children with UAN. The percentage of ascending hearing curves was significantly higher in children with UAN than in children with SSD. ASSR thresholds were significantly lower in children with UAN. The normal imaging phenotype was significantly more common in children with UAN than in children with SSD.

Objective To investigate the effect of auditory brainstem response(ABR)in clinical detection and severity assessment of autism spectrum disorder(ASD)in children with normal hearing.Methods ① A total of 55 autistic children(110 ears)with normal hearing and 55 children(110 ears)with typical development(TD)who did not differ in sex composition ratio and average monthly age were divided into four sub-groups according to age:≤24 months group(22 ears),25～36 months group(40 ears),37～48 months group(28 ears)and＞48 months group(20 ears).The ABR latencies and interpeak latencies were compared between ASD children and age-matched TD children.② ASD children were graded by severity according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis-orders(DSM-V),and the correlations between the ABR latencies and interpeak latencies in autistic children with normal hearing and the severity grading were studied.Results ① No statistically significant differences in ABR wave latencies and interpeak latencies were found in autistic children with normal hearing under 24 months of age compared to age-matched TD children(P＞0.05).② Compared with children with TD,autistic children with nor-mal hearing at 25～36 months of age had significantly longer wave Ⅲ latencies and the interpeak latencies of Ⅰ-Ⅲ andⅠ-Ⅴ;the significantly longer wave Ⅲ,Ⅴ latencies,the interpeak latencies of Ⅰ-Ⅲ,Ⅲ-Ⅴ and Ⅰ-Ⅴ in autistic chil-dren with normal hearing at 37～48 months of age.Autistic children with normal hearing in the＞48 months group had significantly longer wave Ⅴ latencies and interpeak latencies of Ⅲ-Ⅴ,Ⅰ-Ⅴ than age-matched TD children(P＜0.05).③ The higher the ASD severity grading the longer the wave Ⅲ and V latencies and the longer interpeak latencies of Ⅰ-Ⅲ,Ⅲ-Ⅴ,and Ⅰ-Ⅴ(P＜0.05).Conclusion Differences in the level of auditory brainstem pathway de-velopment emerged at 25 months of age,and autistic children with normal hearing had significantly lower levels of auditory brainstem development than age-matched TD children.There were correlations between the latencies and interpeak latencies of ABR in autistic children with normal hearing and the severity grading.