Stem cells and inducing technology for adult cells is the basis of stem cell research and clinical trans -plantation test to potential treatment of human diseases .In addition , stem cells and inducing technology can play a role in drug screening .

BACKGROUND:Stem cel conversion technology has become an active area in the field of stem cel research, and it also has a tremendous boost on both the stem cel basic research and clinical study. OBJECTIVE:To review the research status and the current progress of stem cel conversion technology. METHODS:In the titles and summaries, the “stem cels, conversion, differentiation” in Chinese and English served as the search terms to search articles related to stem cels technology published from January 2000 to April 2015 in CNKI and PubMed databases. The latest articles or articles published on the authoritative journals
were preferred. Totaly 121 articles were obtained after initial survey, and according to the inclusion criteria, 64 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The progress of stem cels conversion technology has driven the development of the entire stem cel research, including modifying the ratio of culture medium, increasing specific inducers, proteins, enzymes or receptors, injecting specific genes, using new oxidizing agents, modifying culture microenvironment, culture under hypoxia, scaffold usage, applying transgenic technology, three-dimensional spherical culture or co-culture. Stem cel conversion technology wil definitely increase the conversion rate of stem cels, which can bring hope for the treatment of refractory diseases. Cite this article:Tu XS. Stem cel conversion technology is a footstone for stem cel basic and clinical research in the future. Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu. 2016;20(1):128-134.

BACKGROUND:With the development of stem cel culture technology, stem cel transplantation has been a research hotspot in the biological cytology.
OBJECTIVE:To review the current situation and progress of basic research on stem cel transplantation for human refractory diseases.
METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI, VIP, Wanfang and PubMed databases was performed for articles related to animal experiments of stem cel transplantation published from January 2008 to October 2014. The key words were“induced pluripotent stem cel s, neural stem cel s, top-up between stem cel s, transplantation”in Chinese and English in the title and abstract. Papers published in authoritative journals or recently were preferred. Total y 113 articles were searched initial y, and only 50 articles were included in result analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:With the progress of stem cel culture technology, basic research on the stem cel transplantation for human diseases have been promoted and carried out, and these researches have achieved phased outcomes that provide conditions for more extensive and in-depth fundamental research. It is believed that with the development of basic research on stem cel transplantation to solve a series of difficult problems, stem cel transplantation wil bring hope for treatment of human disease, especial y for treatment of refractory disease.

BACKGROUND:With the development of fundamental research and clinical research on stem cels, the quantity demanded for stem cels is on the increase, but the relatively out-dated cultivating technology of stem cels restrict the development of the research on stem cels. OBJECTIVE: To review the improvement and innovation of stem cel culture techniques both at home and abroad. METHDOS: In the title and abstract, “stem cels, induced pluripotent stem cels, cultivation, efficiency, reprogramming” in Chinese and English chosen as search terms were utilized to search for the papers related to stem cel culture techniques published from January 2005 to November 2014 in CNKI, VIP, Wanfang and PubMed databases, respectively. In the same field, articles published lately in the authoritative journals were preferred. Totaly 61 articles were searched initialy, and only 39 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The development and improvement of stem cel culture techniques effectively increase the culturing quantity of stem cels, improve the development of basic and clinical studies on stem cels. With the further innovation and breakthrough of stem cel culture techniques, it wil be possible to efficiently culture high-quality stem cels, and the stem cel transplantation tests for human diseases wil be promoted greatly.

Autoimmune Diseases ; drug therapy ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferons ; therapeutic use

External tufted (ET) cells are the major excitatory elements coordinating the activities of glomerulars and mediating the input from the olfactory neurons to mitral cells. The ET cells participate in inter-and intra-glomerular microcircuits in the olfactory bulb, link the isofunctional odor columns within the same olfactory bulb, and play an important role in olfactory information processing. This paper reviews the research progress of the anatomy and physiological properties and electrophysiological modeling of ET cells, elaborate the problems and defects in the field. And then it further gives some proposals for the future research of electrophysiological properties, development of olfactory information coding and performance of modeling of ET cells.
Electrophysiological Phenomena ; physiology ; Humans ; Olfactory Bulb ; cytology ; physiology ; Olfactory Pathways ; physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; cytology

Objective The main points of diagnosis and treatment of ureterocutaneous fistula after in situ bladder operation were discussed based on clinical data and literature.Methods This report presents the data of a patient who developed a ureterocutaneous fistula 10 years after an in situ bladder procedure at Yuechi County People's Hospital.Results A 77-year-old male underwent laparoscopic cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder for bladder cancer.The case manifested as fluid leakage from the original surgical incision,initially misdiagnosed as abdominal wall sinus.After right nephrectomy due to non-functional kidney,the fistula healed.Conclusion Ureterocutaneous fistulas are commonly associated with kidney transplantation and postoperative complications of upper urinary tract such as calculi and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.Fistulography can be conclusive for this condition.Prompt identification and repair of urinary tract injuries are crucial.