Tamoxifen(TAM)is an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of estrogen receptor(ER)-positive breast cancer.However,tamoxifen resistance is a major cause of endocrine therapy failure.The potential mechanism of TAM resistance is multifactorial and most of them are still unknown.This review presents recent advances in the mechanism of TAM resistance in breast cancer,providing valuable information and ideas for elucidating the mechanism of tamoxifen resistance and overcoming drug resistance.

BACKGROUND:Compared with hydroxyapatite materials and other nano-hydroxyapatite composites, carbon fiber-reinforced nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 composites have been significantly improved in the mechanical strength, toughness, elastic modulus and other aspects. It can be used for repairing bone defects of loading parts. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biocompatibility of carbon fiber-reinforced nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 composites in bone tissues. METHODS:Eight Bama mini pigs were taken to establish models of thoracic vertebral defects and implanted with carbon fiber-reinforced nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 composites. At 8, 16 and 24 weeks after implantation,the animals were sacrificed, respectively, for bone mineral density detection and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Blood samples for kidney and liver function tests were taken before and 1 and 8 weeks after implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining of bone samples showed that the materials could bond with the bone defect interface without rejection, and could induce osteogenesis of chondrocytes. At 8 weeks after surgery, the broken ends of cancelous bone closed and the composite material was wrapped by granulation tissues. At 16 weeks after surgery, granulation tissues were organized and new bone developed directly from fibroblast cels. The new bone tissues were nearly fused with the end of cancelous bone. At 24 weeks after surgery, new bone tissue became mature lamelar bone, and the end of cancelous bone was connected tightly with the composite material. Bone mineral density of the implanted vertebra showed an increase trend at 8, 16 and 24 weeks after implantation. Over time, the bone mass was increased. The liver and kidney function tests showed that there was no significant difference before and after implantation. It is preliminarily believed that the carbon fiber-reinforced nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 composite has excelent histocompatibility and bioactivity without hepatic toxicity and nephritic toxicity.

Objective To investigate the expression of early growth response gene-1 in autogenous vein graft in rats, and its role in intimal hyperplasia (IH).Methods Autogenous vein graft model was established in 90 Wistar rats. Grafts were harvested at 1、2、6、24 hours, and 3、7、14、28、42 days after surgery. Normal veins serve as control. Egr-1 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the protein expression of Egr-1. Results The expression of Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein experienced biphasic changes. At 1 hour, the value of gene expression of Egr-1 mRNA was 2. 21?0. 85, declining at 6 and 24 hours, and upgrading at 7 days, culminating at 3.16?1.14 at 28 days. Egr-1 protein expression was detected at 2 hours, with the positive expression rate of 31%?6%. The level of Egr-1 protein was decreased from 24 hours to 3 days. A peak was reached at 41%?8% at 28 days. Immunoreative Egr-1 was located within vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and monocytes/macrophages in the media at the early phase of day 7 and 14, and in neointimal and medial VSMCs at later phase of day 28. Egr-1 was also present in the endolumial endothelial cells. Conclusion In autogenous vein graft, Egr-1 plays an important role in the proliferation of VSMCs in autogenous vein graft.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of plaque morphology of the patients with unstable angina(UA)by intravascular ultrasound(IVUS). Methods24 patients with stable angina pectoris(SA)and 33 patients with unstable angina(UA)were examined by coronary coronary arteriograph(CAG)and intravascular ultrasound(IVUS).The culprit lesions about the characteristic of the plaque were studied,the external elastic membrane cross-sectional area and lumen cross-sectional area were measured,the plaque area,plaque burden,eccentricity index were calculated,and the remodeling index was examined. ResultsExternal elastic membrane area,plaque area and vascular remodeling ratio were significantly greater at target lesions in UA patients than in patients with SA(P＜0.05).Positive remodeling and soft plaque were predominantly in UA patients(P＜0.05). ConclusionThe morphological features of coronary artery plaques in UA group were significantly different from those in SA group.More soft plaque,plaque rupture,thrombus formation,and positive remodeling were found in UA patients compared with SA patients.

Autoimmune Diseases ; drug therapy ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferons ; therapeutic use

Objective To optimize the best extraction technology of total flavonoids in Wudang pine needle tea.Methods The contents of total flavonoids were taken as index, and orthogonal design of L9(34) was applied to process ultrasonic extraction.Results The order of factors of affecting extraction technology was solid to liquid ratio > ultrasonic power > ultrasonic time. The optimized extraction technology was as follows: adding 500 times volume of purified water, ultrasonic extracting for 15 minutes with ultrasound power 500 W at 40℃. The average content of total flavonoids was 39.701 mg/g.Conclusions The optimal extraction technology is simple, efficient and feasible, and can be used for extracting total flavonoids from Wudang pine needle tea, providing basis for the formulation of quality standards.

Objective This study aims to explore the characteristics of gender and age in six different suicide methods in urban area of China. Methods We collected 548 suicides from Shanghai, Jinhua, Wuhan, Loudi and Duyun, and then analyzed the age and gender characteristics in each suicide method. Results In the age characteristics, the mean age for jumping and hanging was oldest (about 55 years old), followed by drowning and hanging (about 49 years old), oral intake poisoning was much younger (about 49 years old), while carbon monoxide poisoning was youngest (about 37 years old). In the gender differences, male were more than females in suicides by sharp object (52:24), hanging (67:33) and jumping (55:45), while females were more than males in suicides by drowning (58:42). Conclusion The age and gender difference was eminent in different suicide methods. Carbon monoxide poisoning was the youngest age group in suicides and males involved more than females in suicides by mechanical methods.

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and survival time of penile cancer after surgery.MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 93 cases of penile cancers patients treated from January 2002 to December 2010 were collected retrospectively.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival function and calculate the survival rate.Log-rank test was further used to compare survival difference.ResultsThe median age of the 93 patients was 51 years ( range,23 to 82).Squamous carcinoma was most common with 87 eases (93.5％) in our group.Sixty-one patients were successfully followed up and the median follow up duration was 28 months(range,2 to 89 months).All 3 cases of verrucous carcinoma had progression free survive after surgery after follow up of 12,19,and 67 months.In the 55 patients with penile invasive squamous carcinoma,11 patients died of metastatic disease with a median survival time of 10 months ( range,2 to 24 months).Two years cumulative survival rate was 75.7％ (95％ CI 63.0％ to 88.4％ ).Six cases of 12 patients with lymph node metastasis died of penile cancer while only 5 cases of 43 patients without lymphnode metastasis died.The survival difference was significant (log rank,P =0.000).ConclusionsSquamous carcinoma is the most common type,and patients with lymphnode metastasis have poor prognosis.Verrucous carcinoma has good prognosis.

The method of near infrared spectroscopy was established to analyze the content and transfer rate of the marker component, indole alkaloids, of cinobufacini in the process of ethanol precipitation. The samples of cinobufacini were collected, and the concentration of indole alkaloids was determined by the reference method, UV-vis spectroscopy. After the rejection of abnormal samples, the pretreatment of spectra and the choice of the corresponding wave band, the multivariate calibration models were established using PLS algorithm between spectra and the UV values. The samples in ethanol precipitation, which did not participate in modeling, were used to examine the performance of the models. The correlation coefficient of the calibration model was 0.9613. Root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.172 and 0.169, respectively. Furthermore, residual predictive deviation (RPD) of the model was 4.13, which meant quantity analysis was feasible. It is concluded that near infrared spectroscopy can be considered as a fast, effective and non-destructive analysis method applied in the process of ethanol precipitation for traditional Chinese medicine.
Algorithms ; Bufanolides ; chemistry ; Calibration ; Chemical Precipitation ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Indole Alkaloids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Multivariate Analysis ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods