Objective:To investigate the main manifestation of broader autism phenotype (BAP) in autism family, find the rate of BAP.Method:Exploring the BAP in 75 autism family with Family Investigation Schedule and Bolton's BAP operating definition.Result:There were 42 cases that met the criteria of BAP in the 75 families. They mainly presented as reciprocal social interaction deficits and language developing disorder.Conclusion:BAP do exit in Chinese autism families.

Objective:To explore the clinical features of subtyp es of ADHD in DSM-Ⅳ.Method:126 children fulfilled ADHD criteria of D S M-Ⅳ were further divided into 3 subtypes:predominantly inattentive(PI,61 cases) , predominantly hyperactive-impulsive(HI,9 cases)and combined type(CT,56 cases).C om orbid mental disorders were compared among the three groups.Parents and teacher s of children in each group completed CBCL(child behavior checklist)and TRF(teach er's report form).CWISC(Wechsler intelligence scale for children,Chinese versio n )and attention tests were also applied in each group.Results:Childr e n in CT group had more conduct disorder,more externalizing,delinquent and aggres sive behaviors rating by parents and teachers,and more inattentive than children in PI group.School performance of children in PI group was better than that of the other two groups evaluated by teachers.Conclusion:ADHD CT subty pe had highest rate of comorbid conduct disorder.They have more externalizing b ehavior,more academic problems and more inattentive.This subtype may be the mos t impaired subtype.

Objective: To develop the norm of Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale (PHCSS) in Chinese urban children and test the reliability and validity. Method: A total of 1698 children with the mean age 12?3 year-old (846 boys and 852 girls) from 20 cities in China completed the scale. Results: The test-retest reliability, split-half and Crobach were in 0.695～0.858, the correlation between each item score and total score were in 0.078～0.467, showed better item differentiation except for 3 items. The validity was perfect, represented by significant correlation (r=0.051～0.353) between the score and Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Teacher Rating Scale. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the scale are suitable for demands of psychometrics and applicable in Chinese children.

Objective: To evaluate the utility of the Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Rating Scale (WWPARS) for children with a Chinese background. Methods:In the city of Changsha, 465 normal children aged 8～12 in two primary schools and 27 ADHD children in an outpatient department were tested with WWPARS. Psychometric properties of the scale were analyzed for reliability and validity. Results: While levels of activity increased with age for all children, there was no significant difference between the two groups assessed. The scale attained good reliability and validity. Conclusion: This scale can be applied for evaluation of activity levels for Chinese children.

Objective: To invesgate the situation of psychological abuse and neglect among juveniles with generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) and explore the characteristics of behavior and self-concept in psychological abused/neglected juveniles with GAD.Methods: A sampling survey was made in 9495 juveniles(5~17) from six regions of Hunan Province.After using the two-stage epidemiologic research method,409 children including 206 normal controls,99 GAD without abuse/neglect and 104 GAD with abuse/neglect,completed CPANS,CSCS and their parents completed CBCL.Results: There were significantly higher rates of psychological abuse or neglect in the GAD group than the normal controls;the factor scores of juveniles with GAD were significantly higher than those with no mental disorders in all six aspects in CPANS(P=0.000),higher scores of internalizing and externalizing behaviors characterized the subgroup of juveniles with both GAD and abuse history compared with the subgroup with GAD without such history,and the scores including total score,behavior,anxiety,gregariousness and happiness factors(P=0.000),of the subgroup of juveniles with GAD and abuse histories were significantly lower than the GAD subgroup without abuse or neglect.Conclusion: Psychological abuse and neglect are more prevalent and severe in juveniles with GAD than in normal ones;when psychological abuse/neglect co-occurs with GAD,juveniles’ behavior problems are even greater and their level of self-concept are much lower.

Objective To understand the status quo and influencing factors of behavior problems in rural left-behind children. Methods Cross-sectional sampling approach was used for this comparative study.A total of 983 children of 7 to 9 grades from three counties of Changzhi City finished out questionnaires. Results The prevalence of behavior problems was significantly increased in the left-behind children in comparison with the non-left-behind children (59. 7% vs 50. 0% ; χ2 =5. 591 ,P＜0. 05). Long-time separation with mother and poorer education level were risk factors of behavior problems of left-behind children. Conclusion Behavior problems in rural left-behind children are even serious. Parents should avoid becoming a long-term migrant employee and have more concerns to children's mental and behavior health.

ACKGROUND:Autism is a kind of neurobiological disease.The increase of plasma concentration of 5 hydroxytryptamine(5 HT) is considered to be one of study results,which is the most definite and has the best repetition,for the biological investigation of autism. Whether the season of birth and maternal mood during pregnancy are correlated with the occurrence of autism? OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences of the plasma concentration of 5 HT,season of birth and the maternal mood during pregnancy between autistic and normal children,and probe into the cause of increased 5 HT in autism. DESIGN:An observational comparative study taking autistic and normal children as the subjects. SETTINGS:A clinical psychological department of a university hospital;Mental Health Institute of the Xiangya Second Hospital;A rehabilitation center for dumb children of city grade. PARTICIPANTS:Children in the autistic group(n=54),who were in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of autism in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition(DSM IV) and had the total score of social adaptive ability scale(SAAS) over 40, were selected from the Outpatient Clinic for Children of the Mental Health Institute,Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University and the training class of autism of Shenzhen Special Education School;Children in the normal control group,who had no obvious somatic and neurological diseases,and developing delay detected by physical,neurological and mental status examinations, rough detection of developing level,were selected from the primary school and kindergarten in Changsha and Shenzhen cities. INTERVENTIONS:The plasma level of 5 HT was examined, season of birth and maternal mood during pregnancy were investigated in autistic and normal children.The children with autism were accessed with SAAS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The plasma level of 5 HT,the season of birth and the maternal mood during pregnancy in both groups. RESULTS:The score of SAAS in children with autism was 67.65± 1.67.The plasma level of 5 HT was(0.78± 0.32) μ mol/L in the autistic group,which was significantly higher than that in the normal control group [(0.62± 0.16) μ mol/L](t=3.17,P=0.002). There were 17 children with autism had increased 5 HT.Compare with normal children,most children with autism were born in winter and spring,and their mother had obvious mood problems during pregnancy. CONCLUSION:The 5 HT level is higher in children with autism than in normal children.Most children with autism were born in winter and spring,and their mother had obvious emotional problems during pregnancy.There are phase of high functioning of 5 HT in mother in key period of fetus cerebra development that may be one of the causes of hyperserotonemia in autism,and that is possibly one of the etiologies of autism.

Malaria vaccines are being developed against different stages in the parasite's life cycle. Although not directly protective ,the sexual stage vaccines would induce antibodies that would prevent infection of mosquitoes when ingestedin a bloodmeal containing sexual stage parasites. pfs25 has been tested to be an important candidate antigen for malarial transmission blocking vaccine . In this report we analyzed the complete code of pfs25 gene of Plasmodium falciparum PFD-3/YN isolate. The result shows that the gene encoding pfs25 of PED-3/YN isolate has a mutant which generates a PstI endonuclease restriction site and shares 99.2％ nucleotide homology with that of NF4 isolate.

Objective To evaluate the effect of gabapentin for treatment of neuropathic pain induced by bilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (bCCI) of rats.Methods Forty-eight female SPF Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-200 g,aged 7-9 weeks,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:control group (C group),sham operation group (S group),bCCI group,and bCCI + gabapentin group (G group).Gabapentin 100 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once at 15 min before operation and twice a day during 7-13 days after operation for 7 consecutive days.The bilateral mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT),thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) and number of cold-stimulated paw withdrawal were measured before operation (baseline) and at 1,3,6,8,10,14 days after operation.Results Compared with C group,the bilateral MWT was significantly decreased,and the bilateral TWL was shortened in bCCI and G groups,and no significant change was found in MWT and TWL in S group.Compared with bCCI group,the bilateral MWT was significantly increased,the bilateral TWL was prolonged,and no significant change was found in the number of cold-stimulated paw withdrawal in G group.Conclusion Gabapentin can relieve thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by bCCI,however,it exerts no effect on cold allodynia in rats.

Objective: To explore the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and its associated factors among college students in Changsha, so as to provide evidence of for effecive intervention of ADHD. Methods: A total of 8 080 students from two universities in Changsha were investigated with self-designed general situation questionnaire, Chinese version of Wende Utah adult rating scale for ADHD, World Health Organization (WHO) Adult ADHD Scale (ASRS) and Chinese Internet Scale (CIAS-R). Results: The self-report rate of ADHD was 7.2%. Single factor analysis showed that the incidence of ADHD in gender, physical and mental illness history, family history of mental illness, relationship with parents, smoking, drinking and Internet access were statistically significont (χ2=17.68, 22.25, 43.15, 20.73, 18.61, 43.05, 22.81, 53.55, 719.65, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that the younger the age, mental illness, drinking, the higher the degree of Internet dependence were positively correlated with ADHD, while gender (female) and harmony with father were negatively correlated with ADHD. Conclusion ADHD in college students can t be ignored. There are many influencing factors, suffering from mental illness, drinking and Internet addiction.