Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a kind of non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease. The immune imbalance of intestinal mucosa is the main cause of IBD. Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are important immune-regulatory cells,and helper T cells 17(Th17 cells)participate in host immune defense. The balance between Treg cells and Th17 cells is an important factor to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. This article reviewed the roles of Treg cells and Th17 cells in the treatment of IBD.

Glioma-associated microglial cells, a key component of the tumor microenvironment, play an important role in glioma progression. In this study, the mouse glioma cell line GL261 and the mouse microglia cell line BV2 were chosen. First, circadian gene expression in glioma cells co-cultured with either M1 or M2 microglia was assessed and the exosomes of M2-polarized and unpolarized BV-2 microglia were extracted. Subsequently, we labeled the exosomes with PKH67 and treated GL261 cells with them to investigate the exosome distribution. GL261 cell phenotypes and related protein expression were used to explore the role of M2 microglial exosomes in gliomas. Then a specific miR-7239-3p inhibitor was added to verify miR-7239-3p functions. Finally, the mouse subcutaneous tumorigenic model was used to verify the tumorigenic effect of M2 microglial exosomes in vivo. Our results showed that in gliomas co-cultured with M2 microglia, the expression of the BMAL1 protein was decreased (P < 0.01), while the expression of the CLOCK protein was increased (P < 0.05); opposite results were obtained in gliomas co-cultured with M1 microglia. After treatment with M2 microglial exosomes, the apoptosis of GL261 cells decreased (P < 0.001), while the viability, proliferation, and migration of GL261 cells increased. Increased expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin, and decreased E-cadherin expression occurred upon treatment with M2 microglial exosomes. Addition of an miR-7239-3p inhibitor to M2 microglial exosomes reversed these results. In summary, we found that miR-7239-3p in the glioma microenvironment is recruited to glioma cells by exosomes and inhibits Bmal1 expression. M2 microglial exosomes promote the proliferation and migration of gliomas by regulating tumor-related protein expression and reducing apoptosis.

Objective To study the correlation between the sonographic features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and high volume lymph node metastasis. Methods Medical records of 463 PTMC patients were reviewed. Cases of all patients are completed with lymph node metastasis identified by histopathology. Sonographic features such as lesion number, lesion size, echogenicity, calcification, envelope and vascularity of papillary microcarcinoma are recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to investigating relationship between sonographic features and high volume lymph node metastasis. Results Twenty four patients have high volume central lymph node metastasis (5.2%, 24/463), in univariate analysis,sex(11.2% in male vs 3.4% in female),age(8.3% in<45 years vs 2.4% in≥45 years),calcification(8.3% in micro vs 0.0% in coarse, 3.2% in mixed and 0.7% in non) , extracapsular invasion (9.3% with vs 3.2% without)and size(9.2% in ≥7 mm vs 2.5% in <7 mm)showed significant difference;multiple logistic regression analysis showed that male(OR=3.205,P=0.009),age<45 years(OR=2.923,P=0.031), microcalcification(OR=9.380,P=0.031)and tumor size≥7mm(OR=3.272,P=0.013)is independent risk factor for high volume lymph node metastasis in the central compartment of PTMC. 10 patients have high volume lateral lymph node metastasis(2.2%,10/463),in univariate analysis,age(4.1% in<45 years vs 0.4% in≥45 years),number of lesions(5.3% in multiple vs 0.9% in single)showed significant difference;multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age < 45 years (OR=11.939,P=0.024) and multiple lesion (OR=7.247, P=0.007) is independent risk factor for high volume lymph node metastasis in the lateral compartment of PTMC. Conclusion Sonographic features of primary papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid has correlation with high volume lymph node metastasis.