Objective To study the trend of accidental death among children under 5 years of age in Beijing.Methods Cases of death in children under 5 years old in Beijing,during 2003-2012 were collected,to analyze the strength and trends of accidental death,main causes of accident and its epidemiological features. Results The overall accidental death was 8.47% of all death among children under 5 years old in Beijing during 2003-2012. During these 10 years,data showed a downward trend on the mortality rates on injuries(P<0.05),especially on drowning,in 1-4 year old and rural children under five years of age. In 2012,the accidental death rate of children under five was 6.37/105. The 5 main causes of accidental deaths were suffocation,traffic accident,falling,poisoning and drowning,in order of size. The main causes of death were suffocation in the 0-1 year group, suffocation and traffic accident in the 1-2 year group and traffic accident in the 3-4 year group. The proportion of deaths due to traffic accident increased gradually with age. Area distribution showed that accidental deaths mainly happened in rural area(52.19%),with two main types as traffic accident and suffocation. Conclusion The reduction of accidental death rate among children under 5 years old in Beijing mainly was caused by the decline of accident mortality in 1-4 year old and children in the rural areas. Our data suggested that the focus in reducing the accidental death rate among children under 5 years old in Beijing should target on the prevention of infant suffocation and traffic accidents among the 1-4 year old,with rural areas in particular.

OBJECTIVETo study the trend of accidental death among children under 5 years of age in Beijing.

METHODSCases of death in children under 5 years old in Beijing, during 2003-2012 were collected, to analyze the strength and trends of accidental death, main causes of accident and its epidemiological features.

RESULTSThe overall accidental death was 8.47% of all death among children under 5 years old in Beijing during 2003-2012. During these 10 years, data showed a downward trend on the mortality rates on injuries (P < 0.05), especially on drowning, in 1-4 year old and rural children under five years of age. In 2012, the accidental death rate of children under five was 6.37/105. The 5 main causes of accidental deaths were suffocation, traffic accident, falling, poisoning and drowning, in order of size. The main causes of death were suffocation in the 0-1 year group, suffocation and traffic accident in the 1-2 year group and traffic accident in the 3-4 year group. The proportion of deaths due to traffic accident increased gradually with age. Area distribution showed that accidental deaths mainly happened in rural area (52.19%), with two main types as traffic accident and suffocation.

CONCLUSIONThe reduction of accidental death rate among children under 5 years old in Beijing mainly was caused by the decline of accident mortality in 1-4 year old and children in the rural areas. Our data suggested that the focus in reducing the accidental death rate among children under 5 years old in Beijing should target on the prevention of infant suffocation and traffic accidents among the 1-4 year old, with rural areas in particular.

Accidents ; mortality ; Accidents, Traffic ; mortality ; Asphyxia ; mortality ; Cause of Death ; Child Mortality ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Drowning ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Suicide

OBJECTIVETo understand the age-specific and cause-specific mortality rate among children under 5 years old in Beijing from 2003 to 2012.

METHODSDeath surveillance data of children under the age of 5 were obtained from Beijing children mortality surveillance network from 2003 to 2012. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), under 5-year old children mortality rate (U5MR) and the leading cause of death for under 5-year old children in urban, suburbs, and outer suburbs in Beijing were analyzed.

RESULTSThe NMR, IMR and U5MR in Beijing were 2.08 (253/121 747), 3.11 (379/121 747) and 3.57 (435/121 747) per 1000 live births in 2012, respectively, which declined 54.88%, 50.24% and 54.75% compared with the level in 2003 respectively. The children mortality rates showed a decreasing trend in urban, suburb, and outer suburbs during 2003 and 2012 (NMR was decreased from 0.53%, 0.42%, and 0.48% in 2003 to 0.20%, 0.19%, and 0.23% in 2012; IMR was decreased from 0.73%, 0.58%, and 0.63% in 2003 to 0.30%, 0.29%, and 0.35% in 2012; U5MR was decreased from 0.90%, 0.72%, and 0.82% to 0.33%, 0.34%, and 0.39% in 2012, P < 0.01). There was a steady decline in the U5MR due to congenital heart disease, birth asphyxia, premature birth or low birth weight and traffic accident in Beijing from 2003 to 2012. The mortality rate of congenital heart disease declined from 140.63 to 41.89 per 100 000 live births, birth asphyxia declined from 109.38 to 59.96 per 100 000 live births, premature birth or low birth weight declined from 85.94 to 52.57 per 100 000 live births, traffic accident declined from 26.04 to 6.57 per 100 000 live births (P < 0.01). The mortality rate of congenital heart disease declined remarkably from 216.56 to 52.47, from 119.75 to 23.50, and from 134.58 to 63.11 per 100 000 live births in urban, suburb, and outer suburbs(P < 0.01). Six of the top 8 leading causes of death among children under 5 years old declined remarkably in rural areas. They were congenital heart disease, birth asphyxia, premature birth or low birth weight, traffic accident, drowning, and septicemia, and the mortality rate of them declined from 134.58 to 63.11, from 127.85 to 65.54, from 100.94 to 60.69, from 33.65 to 12.14, from 33.65 to 0.00, and from 26.92 to 4.85 per 100 000 live births, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no drowning death case in rural areas in recent 4 years. The top 5 leading causes of death among children under 5 years old in Beijing in 2012 were birth asphyxia, premature birth or low birth weight, congenital heart disease, pneumonia, and accidental suffocation. The mortality rate of these top 5 leading causes were 59.96, 52.57, 41.89, 24.64, and 15.61 per 100 000 live births in 2012.

CONCLUSIONFrom 2003 to 2012, the NMR, IMR, U5MR and mortality rate of congenital heart disease declined remarkably in urban, suburb, and outer suburb areas in Beijing. There was a decrease trend for the six of the top 8 leading causes of death among children under 5 years old. The mortality rate of drowning dropped markedly in outer suburbs.

Accidents, Traffic ; Asphyxia ; Asphyxia Neonatorum ; Cause of Death ; Child Mortality ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Drowning ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Death ; Infant Mortality ; Pneumonia ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Rural Population ; Sepsis ; Suburban Population ; Urban Population

Objective To explore the influencing factors of the onset of autism spectrum disorder in male children.Methods Totally 151 male children with autism spectrum disorder were selected as case group and 119 healthy male children matched with the age of the case group in the same administrative region were taken as the control group.All children were assessed with the questionnaire for children's autism etiology and risk factors.Results (1) The differences in children having anorexia and partial eclipse (x2 =50.763,P＜0.01),father's age during pregnancy (x2 =11.441,P=0.043),place of pregnancy (x2 =50.763,P＜0.01),hypertension of pregnancy (x2 =5.693,P=0.026),intrauterine hypoxia (x2 =9.332,P=0.002),umbilical cord around the neck(x2 =18.483,P＜0.01),parents smoking and drinking history during pregnancy (x2 =13.660,P=0.008),parental smoking (x2 =12.901,P=0.005) and alcohol consumption (x2 =8.386,P=0.039) during pregnancy,birth height of child (x2 =8.870,P=0.031),amniotic fluid pollution (x2 =4.561,P=0.043),participation time of artificial feeding,major caregivers,delayed development indicators in infants and young children and whether or not the harmonious parent-child relationship were statistically significant(P＜0.05).(2) Children with anorexia and partial diet (OR =12.284,95％ CI =2.768-54.507),living in rural areas during pregnancy (OR =17.251,95％ CI =1.899-1 56.745),parents' history of smoking and drinking (OR =6.191,95％ CI =1.678-22.838),and intrauterine hypoxia during pregnancy (OR=38.859,95％CI=2.944-512.930) may be risk factors for male autism spectrum disorder.Conclusion To correct children's anorexia bias,improve the living environment in pregnancy,reduce pregnancy complications and avoid exposure to tobacco and alcohol pollution during maternal pregnancy can be an effective entry point for the prevention and control of autism spectrum disorders in male children.

Radiotherapy is one of the important cancer therapy methods that can lead to tissue damage including radiation lung injury,radiation esophageal injury,radiation skin damage and abnormal changes in hemopoietic system and immune system.Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea.It has been demonstrated that EGCG has biological effects of antiinflammatory,antioxidant,anti-apoptosis and regulating immunity.Recently some studies of cell and animal models suggest that EGCG has radioprotective effect,but few clinical research was reported.In this review,the studies about EGCG in preventing and treating radiation injury were summarized from antiradiation mechanism in order to enhance the understanding of the potential clinical application of EGCG.

Objective:To characterize the histopathological subtypes and their clinicopathological parameters of gender and onset age by common, rare and sparse primary esophageal malignant tumors (PEMT).Methods:A total of 272 437 patients with PEMT were enrolled in this study, and all of the patients were received radical surgery. The clinicopathological information of the patients was obtained from the database established by the State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment from September 1973 to December 2020, which included the clinical treatment, pathological diagnosis and follow-up information of esophagus and gastric cardia cancers. All patients were diagnosed and classified by the criteria of esophageal tumor histopathological diagnosis and classification (2019) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The esophageal tumors, which were not included in the WHO classification, were analyzed separately according to the postoperative pathological diagnosis. The χ 2 test was performed by the SPSS 25.0 software on count data, and the test standard α=0.05. Results:A total of 32 histopathological types were identified in the enrolled PEMT patients, of which 10 subtypes were not included in the WHO classification. According to the frequency, PEMT were divided into common (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC, accounting for 97.1%), rare (esophageal adenocarcinoma, EAC, accounting for 2.3%) and sparse (mainly esophageal small cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, etc., accounting for 0.6%). All the common, rare, and sparse types occurred predominantly in male patients, and the gender difference of rare type was most significant (EAC, male∶ female, 2.67∶1), followed with common type (ESCC, male∶ female, 1.78∶1) and sparse type (male∶ female, 1.71∶1). The common type (ESCC) mainly occurred in the middle thoracic segment (65.2%), while the rare type (EAC) mainly occurred in the lower thoracic segment (56.8%). Among the sparse type, malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were both predominantly located in the lower thoracic segment (51.7%, 66.7%), and the others were mainly in the middle thoracic segment.Conclusion:ESCC is the most common type among the 32 histopathological types of PEMT, followed by EAC as the rare type, and esophageal small cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma as the major sparse type, and all of which are mainly occur in male patients. The common type of ESCC mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment, while the rare type of EAC mainly in the lower thoracic segment. The mainly sparse type of malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma predominately occur in the lower thoracic segment, and the remaining sparse types mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment.