Objective To investigate the association between early trauma experiences and obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). Methods One hundred and eighty-five patients who met with OCD diagnosis of DSM-Ⅳ and one hundred and thirty-two healthy controls were recruited. Early trauma experience of all participants was assessed with Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form (ETI-SF) ,and severity of symptoms of OCD patients was evaluated with Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity Scale (Y-BOCS). Results When compared with controls, OCD group showed significantly higher in ETI-SF total score (3.55 ± 3.29 vs 1.51 ± 1.98, P ＜ 0. 01 ) and had greater in general trauma (0.89 ± 1.10 vs 0. 43 ±0.77, P＜0.01 ) ,physical abuse (0.98 ± 1.31 vs 0.65 ±1.04, P=0. 016),emotional abuse(1.43 ±1.61 vs 0.38 ±0.89, P＜0. 01),and sexual abuse(0.24 ±0.59 vs 0.06 ±0.30, P＜0. 01 ). Female OCD patients reported more sexual abuse than male patients(0.33 ±0.69 vs0. 16 ± 0.45, P = 0.049) . There was a negative correlation between onset age of obsessive symptoms and early trauma experiences(P ＜ 0. 01 ), except sexual abuse experiences (P = 0. 10). Conclusion OCD patients have much more childhood traumas, and the more trauma experiences are,the earlier onset of OCD is, which may associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Thearticle is aimed to find the correlation between bioactive components of XYE-E and the antidepressant efficacy, by analyzing the immovability time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Using the method of gray relational analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis, relating the peak area of each common peak of1H-NMR spectra with the immovability time in TST or FST, we found that there were total 14 chemical components identified in the1H-NMR spectrum of XYE-E. Among them, 8 compounds, including saikosaponin a, saikosaponin c, saikosaponin E, saikosaponin F, saikosaponin G, saikosaponin b2, atractylenolide I and atractylenolide II, had significant correlation with antidepressant efficacy.

AIM: To establish HPLC fingerprint of Sishen Pill and a determination of main component of Sishen Pills(Fructus Evodiae, Semen Myristicae, Fructus Psoraleae, etc.) by HPLC. METHODS: The samples were extracted with the solvent methanol. The separation was performed on YWG-C 18(4.6mm?250mm, 10?m) column with water- methanol-acetonitrile as a mobile phase gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0mL?min -1, the column temperature was at 30℃ and the wavelength of UV detector was at 225nm. RESULTS: There are 21 higher peaks and 12 marker peaks in the fingerprint of eight batches of samples. For evodiamine, the regression equation was Y=147.37X+1186.32, r=0.9999, the liner range was from 5 to 1000?g?mL -1 and the recovery was 99.83%. For rutaecarpin, the regression equation was Y=101.19X+279.81, r= 0.9999, the liner range was from 4.5 to 900?g?mL -1. The recovery was 98.72%. CONCLUSION: The quality standard of Sishen Pill was established firstly. It can be used for quality cantrol of Sishen Pill.

Objective To compare the difference of early trauma experience between early-onset and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD),and the kinds of early trauma in the cause of OCD. Methods Three hundred and twenty-six patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 480 healthy con-trols were enrolled. Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form ( ETI-SF) was applied to assess the early trauma ex-perience,compare the difference of early trauma experience between early-onset ( n=138) and late-onset ( n=188) OCD,and the kinds of early trauma in the cause of OCD. Results There were significant differences in the early trauma experience between obsessive-compulsive disorder group and control group((3.90±3.61) vs (1.88±2.61), P<0.01).Scores of physical((1.12±1.38) vs (0.71±1.23), P=0.001),emotional((1.58± 1.71) vs (0.42±1.01), P<0.01),and sexual abuse((0.27±0.59) vs (0.09±0.36), P=0.001),and a gener-al traumatic experience((0.94±1.17) vs (0.66±1.09), P<0.01) were significant difference between patients and controls. Except sexual abuse((0.30±0.66) vs (0.24±0.67), P=0.42),there were significant differ-ences in the early trauma between early-onset and late-onset OCD((5.12±3.58) vs (3.01±3.38), P<0.01), especially emotional abuse((2.18±1.76) vs (1.12±1.53), P<0.01).247(75.8%) OCD patients and 79(57. 9%) healthy controls experienced early trauma(χ2=21.48, P<0.01). Experiencing one kind of early trau-ma,the prevalence of OCD was 39.1%,two kind was 61.0%,three kind of early trauma was 65.8%,and ex-periencing four or more kind of early trauma,the prevalence of OCD was up to 84.4%. Conclusion OCD patients have much more early trauma,especially early-onset OCD. Experiencing more kind of early trauma, and the prevalence of OCD higher may associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is important to consider the role of childhood trauma in the prevention and treatment of OCD.

BACKGROUND: The special genetic law of short tandem repeat on chromosome X (X-STR) makes it incomparable with autosome markers in forensic identification. However, the population genetics data is far less than that of the autosome STR, and especially the haplotype data are rarely reported.OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic polymorphism of 12 X-STR loci in Shenzhen area by pedigree analysis, aiming to provide scientific and effective data for the application of X-STR in forensic medicine and genetics. METHODS: The blood samples of 118 families were taken to extract DNA by Chelex-100, followed by PCR amplification using Investigator Argus X-12 kit. The frequency of alleles of 231 unrelated individuals was counted by direct counting method and Excel software. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed on 12 X-STR loci of female samples by chi-square test. Discrimination power and mean exclusion chance were calculated according to the formula. Pedigree analysis was done to identify haplotypes of female samples and the haplotype frequencies of 4 linkage groups in 111 fathers and 119 mothers were calculated using direct counting method and Excel software.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In this study, 349 haplotypes were obtained. There were 238, 139, 153 and 157 haplotypes in linkage groups X1-X4, respectively. The polymorphism of DXS10135 locus was the highest with 21 alleles,while the polymorphism of DXS7423 locus was the worst with only 4 alleles. The combined discrimination power was 0.99999999 in males and 0.99999999 in females. The combined mean exclusion chance was 0.99999999 in trio cases,and 0.99999811 in duo cases. These findings indicate that the X-12 detection system has high polymorphism in Shenzhen Han population, and has important application value in forensic individual identification and paternity testing.

Objective To constructthe nurse job satisfaction index evaluation system by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) so as to provide theoretical basis for nursing managers. Methods Semi-structured interviews and literature review were used in establishing the preliminary nurse job satisfaction evaluation index system.The Delphi method was applied in expert consultation and a three-level index system was established, the weight, the largest eigenvalue and the weight vector were all calculated. Index consistency was inspected. Results 4 first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators and 39 third-level indicators were established.The weight was 1.630 0-3.280 0 for the first-level indicators, 0.4494-1.4723 for the second-level indicators and 0.0913-0.783 9 for the third-level indicators.The weight vector was 0.038-0.616 for the first-level indicators,0.045-0.750 for the second-level indicators and 0.041-0.875 for the third-level indicators.The max-eigenvalue was 4.231 for the first-level indicators,6.226 for the second-level indicators and 4.176 for the third-level indicators. The consistency test value of judgment matrix ranged from 0.000 to 0.077, and the consistency ratio was less than 0.1. Conclusions With distinct gradation,clear structure, reasonable weight and rich content, the index system provides a theoretical basis for the nurse job satisfaction evaluation.

In this study, we prepared various matrices of hydrogel patches and studied their cross-linking mechanism by observing their rheological properties, which could provide theoretical basis and deep technical support for further industrial development of hydrogel patch. Rheology method was used to do the amplitude scanning and single-frequency scanning for various hydrogel matrix, under the condition of oscillation mode of the rheometer. Then the linear viscoelastic region, composite modulus value, as well as changes in slope with time of the composite modulus and phase angle of various hydrogel matrix were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the stability of matrix was mainly determined by hydrogel frame; only in acidic environment, the cross-linking reaction between cross-linker and hydrogel frame can occur; elasticity of matrix can be decreased by organic acid and the effect level was related to the ratio of the number of carboxyl and hydroxyl (-COO(-)/-OH) in adjusters: if the ratio was not equal, the higher -COO(-)/-OH in adjusters would be the less elasticity of matrix decreased; the cross-linking speed of matrix was determined by adjuster, the cross-linking speed of matrix contain different adjusters was ranged in following order: matrix containing tartaric acid > matrix containing lactic acid > matrix containing malic acid > matrix containing citric acid; the cross-linking speed of matrix was not uniform in the whole cross-linking process.

In order to confirm the alteration and significance of cigarette smoke exposure on SP-A in rats, 20 Wistar rats were assigned randomly to two groups: an N group (n=10), and an S group (n=10). The ultra-structural change was observed by electron microscopy. The number of cells positive for SPA was by immunohistochemically measured. The mRNA expression in the lung tissues was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The number of cells positive for SPA of the S group (0.52 +/- 0.05) was lower than that of the N group (0.72+/-0.06) (P<0.05). The levels of mRNA of SPA in the lung tissues of the S group (0.3522+/-0.0512) was significantly lower than that of the N group (0.4432+/-0.05628) (P<0.05). It is concluded that cigarette smoke alone decreased the level of SP-A and that might have an important effect on surfactant metabolism and the host defense functions of surfactant in the peripheral airways, which might play a crucial role in the development of chronic obstructive lung disease.
Gene Expression Regulation ; Immunohistochemistry/methods ; Lung/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A/*biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Smoking/*adverse effects ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects

The experience of various countries proves that the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment model can lead to reasonable resources allocation and utilization, however, the waste of China''s disordered treatment model has not been estimated.Nowadays, it is very important to establish a hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system during China''s healthcare system reform.Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the benefit the reform may bring.We take Zhejiang Province as an example, and adopted the system dynamics model to build the health delivery system, to emulate the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment model and the disordered model, and to evaluate the benefit.Results showed that if first option at the primary health institutions increased 10%, it could save 0.251 billion yuan, and if increased 15%, it could save 0.39 billion yuan.If the first option at the primary health institution reached 72.35% and the treatment in county reached 90%, the outpatient in tertiary hospital could reduce by 13 million, and those in primary healthcare institutions could increase by 74 million yuan.The direct healthcare cost could reduce 3.016 billion Yuan.

Objective To evaluate the image quality and the diagnostic value of low radiation,low dose and isotonic low concentration iodine contrast pulmonary computed tomography angiography (CTPA) protocol in pulmonary embolism.Methods Eighty patients with clinic ally suspected pulmonary embolism and BMI＜28 kg/m2 underwent pulmonary CTA on a 64-MDCT scanner (GE Discovery CT750 HD).Eighty patients were divided into two groups (group A:n=40,80 kV,Auto mA,20 ml 270 mg I/ml,60％FBP+40％ ASIR; group B:n=40,120 kV,Auto mA,40 ml 370 mg I/ml,100％FBP).Image quality was assessed,using a five-point scoring scale.Intraarterial density was measured in the common pulmonary artery trunk,the main right and left pulmonary arteries,lobar arteries,and then the average CT value was calculated.Image quality score,Average CT value,noise,SNR,CNR,CTDIvol and DLP were compared between the two groups using t-test.The occurrence rate of the superior vena cava iodine contrast agent sclerosis artifacts and the positive rate of pulmonary embolism were compared between the two groups,using Chi-square test.Results PE was found in 33 patients (14 in group A,19 in group B),and there was no difference of the positive rate of PE between two groups (35.0％ vs 47.5％,x2=1.289,P＞0.05).Overall 4-6 pulmonary artery branches were clearly displayed in all the cases.The image quality scores for two groups were 3.9±0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.7,respectively.There was no statistical difference between two groups (t=0.632,P＞0.05).The superior vena cava iodine contrast agent sclerosis artifacts were reduced in group A (28 cases vs.36 cases,x 2=10.362,P＜0.01).The average CT value and noise in group A [(426.8 ± 84.8),(14.9 ± 1.5)HU,respectively] was higher than those in group B [(359.4±75.3),(7.4± 1.4)HU,respectively],which was statistically significant(t=3.758,22.848,respectively; P＜0.01).However,the SNR (28.8 ±6.3)and CNR (24.5±6.1) in group A were lower than those in group B(SNR 50.4± 14.7,CNR 42.9± 13.8).There was statistically significant difference between two groups (t=8.522,7.669,respectively; P＜0.01 both).The CTDIvol[(3.3±0.3)mGy]and DLP[(101.4± 11.9)mGy· cm] in group A were significantly lower than those in group B [CTDI vol (9.6±0.6)mGy,DLP (328.5 ± 37.3)mGy· cm].The difference between two groups was statistically significant(t=56.393,36.675,respectively,P＜0.01 both).Conclusions The low radiation,low dose and isotonic low concentration iodine contrast CTPA protocol shows pulmonary artery branches of 4-6 levels,reduces radiation exposure and contrast media volume compared with the conventional pulmonary CTA,and achieves the same positive rate of PE in comparison of the conventional CTPA.It can meet the clinical needs.