After analyzing texts of ShangHanLun in this article,the author believes that ZHANG Zhong-jing's theory of treatment by di erentiation of syndrome is featured as:①Di erent treatments are given to the same disease based on the patient's speci c conditions such as cold,heat,de ciency and excess.②The illness develops in di erent way based on constitutional di erences.③Distinction must be done based on the location and character of illness.④The treatment must be changed based on the di erentiation of syndrome.ZHANG's treatment by di erentiation of syndrome is not only a great inspiration to the physicians in later generations but also provides great guidance to treatment by TCM.

The Book of Huo You Xin Shu was written by Zeng Shirong,a famous pediatrics doctor in Yuan Dynasty.Based on his ancestors' experiences,together with his own long-term clinical practices,this book discussed critically on issues of how to nurture children and the treatment based on syndrome differentiation. He promoted the concept of scientific nurture and criticized the problems associated with in bringing up children.He suggested that every aspect of the children's daily life must be taken care of under the guidance of scientific recommendations in order to allow children to growth up healthily.Prophylaxis should go ahead of treatment.He mentioned the importance to carefully investigate in the causes and origins of diseases and to accurately distinguish between the exterior signs and interior causes.For an acute case,symptoms should be dealt with first,while for a chronic one the root cause is treated.He pointed out this principle to remind us a dire consequence may be caused due to misdiagnosis and rash treatment.Before the treatment,we have to differentiate between exterior and interior,cold and heat,deficiency and excess,and follow the principle of simultaneous treatment of both exterior and interior,elimination and reinforcement.Moreover,he paid special attention to the effect of Spleen and Stomach functions in developing pediatrics diseases,emphasizing the importance of regulating them in pediatrics treatment.He was the first person to initiate the concept of "four causes of infantile convulsion(Si Zheng)"and "eight syndromes in infantile convulsion(Ba Hou)".He thought that we ought to investigate the causes of disease,catch the key of pathogenesis,pay great attention to the Qi activity,and the most importantly,regulate Qi activity in treatment.

Objective To explore the susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) appearance of paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials, its imaging theory, and its value of differential diagnosis from their appearance. Methods The diamagnetic and paramagnetic phantom were made and the X-Y axial SWI phase image of phantom then was obtained. Twenty-eight cases of intracerebral calcium and 21 cases of hemorrhage examined with MRI scan and CT scan were retrospectively investigated. The appearance of calcium and hemorrhage on SWI were analyzed and compared with their appearance on CT and conventional MRI. Results Phantom experiment indicated that the equator plane scan of diamagnetic sphere showed high signal in centre surrounded by low signal ring and high signal in two poles of sphere along Z axis of main magnetic field. The paramagnetic sphere appeared the opposite appearance of diamagnetic sphere with centre low signal surrounded by high signal ring in equator plane and low signal in two poles of sphere along Z axis of main magnetic field. The SWI manifestations of 4 cases of intracerebral sphere or sphere-like calcification ( chorioidal calcification) and 9 cases of sphere or sphere-like hemorrhage(2 cases of traumatic hemorrhage, 1 case of hypertension related basal ganglion hemorrhage, 4 cases of metastasis hemorrhage and 2 cases of cavernous hemangioma hemorrhage)were consistent with diamagnetic and paramagnetic sphere phantom respectively. Four cases of calcification in basal ganglion showed the mixed high and low signal. Seven cases of irregular calcification ( neoplastic calcification) aside from basal ganglion appeared complex appearance, though mainly in high signal. Other sphere or sphere-like calcification aside from basal ganglion ( 14 cases of pineal calcification, 4 cases of chorioidal calcification, 2 cases of cerebral cysticercosis calcification and 1 case of neoplastic calcification ) showed markedly high signal. Nine cases of intracerebral iobular hemorrhage (2 cases of hypertension related basal ganglion hemorrhage, 4 cases of unknown casual hemmorrhge and 3 cases of cavernous hemangioma hemorrhage) displayed a multiple concentric circle appearance, other 3 hemorrhage showed complex appearance, though mainly in low signal. Ten cases of calcification had no specific appearance on T1 WI and T2WI. Conclusion Phase image of SWI is helpful in differentiating intracerebral diamagnetic from paramagnetic materials and it has some advantage in detecting calcification over T WI and T2 WI.

BACKGROUND: Duplex sonography has been widely used for the measurement of carotid atherosclerosis and poor blood flow domestically and overseas. Moreover, it can be used for carotid monitoring in patients with hypertension and those with both hypertension and stroke.OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate carotid atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension and those with both hypertension and stroke.DESIGN: It was a case-control study.SETTING: Neurology Department of Third People's Hospital of Liaocheng city.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 180 outpatients, inpatients and healthy individuals underwent carotid sonography in the Third People's hospital of Liaocheng City were recurited from October 2003 to September 2004. They were divided into 3 groups, as normal control group (30 people, N group),primary hypertension group (50 cases, PH group) and hypertension and stroke group (100 cases, HS group). Informed consents were obtained from all the participants.METHODS: All the participants underwent duplex-pulsed Doppler sonography for the measurement of internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and carotid bifurcation. Intima-media thickness, inner diameter, plaque occurrence and Crouse score of these arteries were calculated.occurrence rate of an increased intima-media thickness of carotid artery with an plaque formation: It was lower in N group than in PH group and HS group (33.3% ,68% ,97% ,P ＜ 0.01). "Soft"plaque and plaque hemorlower in N group than in PH group and HS group (0.95±0.82,6.62±4.14,plaque: The most common location of carotid atherosclerotic disease is at the common carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation and then is the internal carotid artery.CONCLUSION: Duplex pulsed Doppler sonography is known as an effective and non-invasive technique for assessment of the damages on target organs caused by hypertension. Grading of carotid atherosclerosis can be used for the measurement of the damages on target organs caused by hypertension. Hereby, reliable data can be obtained for the treatment of the disease.

A polymer film of vitamin B1 was obtained at a graphite carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetric method in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Cyclic voltammograms of the film electrode in PBS (pH 5) exhibited one pair redox waves, Epa=350　mV，Epc=325　mV，different from monomer vitamin　B1. The peak currents of poly-VB1 films was proportional to (scan rate)1/2, which showed that the charge transfer was controlled by diffusion in the polymer film. The Poly-VB1 modified electrode showed a good catalytic ability to dopamine and epinephrine. At the modified electrod, the peak potential for oxidation of dopamine occurred at 250 mV and 200 mV for epinephrine, while they were shifted towards the negative direction 100 mV and 300 mV respectively at the bare glassy carbon electrode . And their peak current had a linear relationship to the concentrations in the range of 8.0×10-7～1.0×10-4　mol/L for dopamine and 1.0×10-6～1.0×10-4　mol/L for epinephrine.

AIM: The aim of the present study is to investigate changes of five biochemical markers of bone turnover during the formation of ovariectomized rat model. METHODS: Three-month-old female SD rats were divided randomly into ovariectomized (OVX) group, sham-operated (sham) group and control group. Five biochemical markers of bone turnover levels, including serum osteocalcin (OC), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and hydroxyproline (HYP) were measured before and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 months after surgery. The right proximal tibias of rats were excised at the same time point for histopathological observation. RESULTS: Serum OC, ALP, BALP, TRAP and HYP levels in OVX group were significantly higher than that in sham group. As regard to the time of peak level arrived, the sequence of changes was as follows: TRAP/HYP→OC→ALP/BALP. There was a significant positive correlation between five markers. The pathological changes of trabecular bone in OVX group were only observed 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that postmenopausal osteoporosis has a high bone turnover rate. During the formation of ovariectomized rat model, changes of bone resorption markers precede changes of bone formation markers. Serum OC, ALP, BALP, TRAP and HYP are sensitive to evaluate the bone loss in the earlier stage of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Administration, Inhalation ; Humans ; Methamphetamine ; Myocardial Infarction

Objective To analyze the characteristic findings of chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) in the patients with syetemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods A retrospective analysis of HRCT manifestations was performed in 17 patients with clinically proven SLE.Results The HRCT finding included thickened interiobular septa(n=9), “irregular interface” sign(n=7), subpleural bands(n=7), increase lung attenuation(n=7), bronchiectasis(n=3), “honeycomb” sign(n=4), pulmonary emphysema(n=6), SLE pneumonia(n=4), nodular parenchymal opacities(n=4), patchy airspace consolidation(n=4), pleuritis(n=13), pericarditis(n=3) and mediastinal or axillary lymphadenopathy(n=8).Conclusion The correct identifying of the HRCT manifestations plays an important role in the early diagnosis and treament of pulmonary involvement due to SLE.

The effect of atorvastatin on warfarin-induced aortic medial calcification and systolic blood pressure (SBP) of rats induced by warfarin was studied. Thirty healthy and adult rats were randomly divided into Warfarin group (n=10), Atorvastatin group (n=10) and normal control group (n=10). Caudal arterial pressure of rats was measured once a week, and 4 weeks later, aorta was obtained. Elastic fiber, collagen fiber and calcium accumulation in tunica media of cells were measured by Von Kossa staining. The results showed that warfarin treatment led to elevation of systolic blood pressure and aortic medial calcification. The chronic treatment also increased collagen, but decreased elastin in the aorta. However, the atorvastatin treatment had adverse effects. It was concluded that treatment with atorvastatin presented evidence of blood pressure lowing and calcification reducing. These data demonstrate that atorvastatin protected aortic media from warfarin-induced calcification and elevation of systolic blood pressure.
Aortic Diseases/chemically induced ; Aortic Diseases/drug therapy ; Aortic Diseases/*pathology ; Blood Pressure/*drug effects ; Calcinosis/chemically induced ; Calcinosis/*drug therapy ; Calcinosis/pathology ; Heptanoic Acids/*pharmacology ; Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use ; Hypertension/chemically induced ; Hypertension/*drug therapy ; Pyrroles/*pharmacology ; Pyrroles/therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Wistar ; Warfarin

Rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms is important to the prevention and control of diseases.Com-pared with traditional approaches, electrochemical DNA biosensors present great advantages in promising rapid, portable, sensitive and cost-saving detection of pathogens.In this review, the working principle of electrochemical DNA biosensors and the progress in detection of pathogens is introduced, the latest developments of DNA tetrahedron structure and new nano materials in electrochemical DNA biosensors are reviewed, and the challenges to and prospects of development in this field are also discussed.