Objective To investigate the association between activity energy expenditure ( AEE ) and body composition in school-age children.Methods A total of 62 students ( Grades 3 and 4, aged 8 -10 years) from a primary school in Shanghai were enrolled in this study .AEE was estimated with a metabolic cart (energy metabolism determination system ).Body composition (body mass, body mass index, fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, obesity degree) was evaluated by bioelectrical im-pedance analysis .The above indicators were compared between obese and non-obese students .Results There were no statistically significant differences in exercise time , total AEE and relative AEE between obese and non-obese boys [ (9.70 ±1.91) min vs.(10.00 ±1.97) min, t=0.336, P=0.739; (198.74 ±53.33) kJ vs.(171.54 ±41.75) kJ, t =-1.422, P =0.165; (0.46 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ± 0.04) kJ/(min· kg), t=2.043, P=0.051], while obese boys had higher absolute AEE than non-obese boys [(20.06 ±3.14) kJ/min vs.(16.93 ±1.85) kJ/min, t=-2.910, P=0.007].Obese girls had shor-ter exercise time and lower relative AEE than non-obese girls [ (7.35 ±3.05) min vs.(9.98 ±1.82) min, t=2.509, P=0.027;(0.41 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ±0.07) kJ/(min· kg), t=3.244, P=0.003 ] , whereas there were no statistically significant differences in total AEE and absolute AEE between obese and non-obese girls [ (129.29 ±71.13) kJ vs.(161.50 ±35.38) kJ, t =1.351, P =0.203; (16.82 ± 3.26) kJ/min vs.(16.17 ±2.00) kJ/min, t=-0.676, P=0.504].After controlling for age and gender, absolute AEE was significantly positively correlated with body mass index ( P=0.015 ) , obesity degree ( P=0.010), fat mass (P=0.047), fat-free mass (P=0.010), and fat-free mass index (P=0.003) in boys, but not in girls.Relative AEE was significantly negatively correlated with body mass index ( boys: P =0.000, girls: P=0.000), obesity degree (boys: P=0.002, girls: P=0.000), fat percentage (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.001), fat mass (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.000), fat-free mass (boys: P=0.002 , girls: P=0.022 ) , and fat mass index ( boys: P=0.000 , girls: P =0.000 ) in both boys and girls.Conclusions In obese children, AEE is correlated with body composition, with relative AEE reducing as obesity degree increasing.There may be complex relationships among body size , body composition, and energy metabolism in children.

Objective To survey the nutritional status and nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice (KAP) of primary and middle school teachers in Shanghai,and to study the possible correlation of nutritional KAP with overweight/obesity and obesity-related complications.Method Using stratified cluster random sampling,a questionnaire survey was conducted among 544 hygiene teachers and 150 non-hygiene teachers selected from all primary and middle schools in all districts in Shanghai,investigating the nutritional status and nutritional KAP in this population.Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity and obesity-related complications were significantly lower in hygiene teachers than in non-hygiene teachers (19.81％ vs.38.15％,t =22.303,P=0.000; 18.6％ vs.26.39％,t =4.156,P=0.047).The attitude score was the highest among the 3 surveyed parts,significantly higher than the lowest,which was practice score (hygiece teachers:91.76 ±13.66 vs.74.42±11.61,t=14.595,P=0.000; non-hygiene teachers:85.67 ±18.77 vs.69.88 ±13.30,t =25.400,P =0.000).Hygiene teachers scored significantly higher than non-hygiene teachers in all the 3 parts of KAP (knowledge:84.43 ± 11.98 vs.75.73 ± 16.82,t =5.822,P =0.000; attitude:91.76 ± 13.66 vs.85.67±18.77,t =3.640,P=0.000; practice:74.42 ±11.61 vs.69.88 ±13.30,t =4.030,P=0.000).There was no correlation between the teachers' body mass index and KAP scores,nor between obesityrelated complications and knowledge or attitude scores,while obesity-related complications was found correlated with practice score and KAP score (t =-0.146,P =0.005 ; t =-0.105,P =0.043).Conclusions The nutritional status of teachers in Shanghai primary and middle schools is associated with their nutritional KAP.There is a correlation between obesity-related complications and practice score.Hygiene teachers have better nutritional KAP compared with non-hygiene teachers.

Objective To describe aerobic capacity and body composition of school-aged children in Shanghai and explore the potential relationship between body composition and aerobic capacity.Methods Totally 63 school-aged children in Shanghai were measured for height,weight,fat percentage (FAT％),and fat-free mass (FFM).Body composition was estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).Body mass index (BMI),fat mass index (FMI),and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.Aerobic capacity (VO2max and the maximum oxygen pulse) were measured using the COSMED fitmate metabolic systems (combined heart rate and cycling test).Results The boys who were obese or overweight had both higher absolute value of VO2max and lower relative values of VO2max than other boys [(1 038.50 ± 157.93) ml/min vs (923.90±82.03) ml/min,F=4.812,P=0.005; (23.62±4.22) ml/ (kg· min) vs (27.75 ±2.41) ml/ (kg · min),F =5.633,P =0.002].The girls who were obese or overweight tended to have higher absolute value of VO2max [(966.70 ± 131.22) ml/min vs (892.55 ± 108.71) ml/min] and lower relative values of VO2 max [(23.84 ± 4.30) ml/ (kg · min) vs (28.09 ± 4.52) ml/ (kg · min)] than other girls.After controlling for age,the relative VO2max values were negatively associated with body mass index (BMI),degree of obesity,FAT％,FM,FFM,FMI,FFMI (boys:r =-0.675,P ＜ 0.000 1 ; r =-0.634,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.667,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.726,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.594,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.686,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.456,P=0.010; girls:r=-0.651,P ＜0.000 1; r=-0.552,P=0.002; r=-0.527,P=0.003; r=-0.633,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.520,P=0.004; r=-0.579,P=0.001 ; r =-0.597,P =0.001).In boys,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with BMI,FFM,and FFMI (r =0.358,P=0.048; r =0.543,P=0.002; r =0.554,P=0.001); in girls,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with FFM and FFMI (r =0.378,P =0.043 ; r =0.449,P =0.014).Conclusions Aerobic capacity is associated with body composition in school-aged children.Higher degree of obesity is associated with poorer aerobic capacity.Maximum oxygen pulse is also associated with FFM.

OBJECTIVE To explore how to realize the superior effect of Hospital Information System(HIS) in management of Nosocomial Infection(NI).METHODS Based on the platform of HIS,the prospective investigation,prevalence surveying,targeted surveillance and usage of antibiotics were performed.Drug-resistance was also monitored in real time.RESULTS Applying the HIS,infection control personnel could perform the overall surveillance on patients′ nosocomial infections.The hospital infection control process was optimized and time was saved for all medical personnel.CONCLUSIONS The application of the HIS enhances the hospital infection management level and decreases the incidence rate of NI,which may deserve to be generalized.

AIM: The aim of the present study is to investigate changes of five biochemical markers of bone turnover during the formation of ovariectomized rat model. METHODS: Three-month-old female SD rats were divided randomly into ovariectomized (OVX) group, sham-operated (sham) group and control group. Five biochemical markers of bone turnover levels, including serum osteocalcin (OC), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and hydroxyproline (HYP) were measured before and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 months after surgery. The right proximal tibias of rats were excised at the same time point for histopathological observation. RESULTS: Serum OC, ALP, BALP, TRAP and HYP levels in OVX group were significantly higher than that in sham group. As regard to the time of peak level arrived, the sequence of changes was as follows: TRAP/HYP→OC→ALP/BALP. There was a significant positive correlation between five markers. The pathological changes of trabecular bone in OVX group were only observed 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that postmenopausal osteoporosis has a high bone turnover rate. During the formation of ovariectomized rat model, changes of bone resorption markers precede changes of bone formation markers. Serum OC, ALP, BALP, TRAP and HYP are sensitive to evaluate the bone loss in the earlier stage of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Objective:To compare immune effects of hepatitis B-BCG combined vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine.Methods:The vaccines were administered to the guinea pig at 0, 1, 2 months. The tests were divided into three parts. The immune effects were compared in three kinds of the combined vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine(Part One), in three lots of the combined vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine(Part Two), in the group of combined vaccine and the group of hepatitis B vaccine and BCG(Part Three). After 1 month of each vaccine dose, serum specimens were measured for anti-HBs by ELISA.Results:The several studies have documented the serum anti-HBs concentritious in the group of combined vaccine in first dose were lower than those of the group of control, and the data showed no significantly difference. However, anti-HBs levels of the combined vaccine group in second vaccine dose and third vaccine dose were higher than those of the control group, and this difference was no longer statistically significant in group of combined vaccine and control, and among groups of combined vaccine.Conclusion:The immune efficacy of HBsAg in group of combined vaccine is similar to the group of hepatitis B vaccine in three doses immunization schedules.

ObjectiveTo explore the anti-abortional effect of Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction and its mechanism in helper T lymphocyte 1 （Th1）/Th2 balance in the decidual tissues of spontaneous abortion rats with heat syndrome， based on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） signaling pathway. MethodAconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata， Zingiberis Rhizoma， and Cinnamomi Cortex decoction was used to replicate the rat model of spontaneous abortion with heat syndrome. The spontaneous abortion rats with heat syndrome were randomly divided into model group， aspirin group （5.25 mg·kg^-1）， dydrogesterone group （3.02 mg·kg^-1）， Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction high-dose （44 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose （22 g·kg^-1）， and low-dose （11 g·kg^-1） groups， with ten rats in each group. Ten normal rats were divided into a normal group. Rats in each group were given corresponding drugs， Once a day for 12 d. After 24 h of the last administration， blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin （β-HCG）， progesterone （P）， estradiol （E₂）， γ interferon （IFN-γ）， and interleukin-4 （IL-4） in rat serum. The uterus and meconium tissues of rats were collected to determine the number and rate of miscarriages. Western blot was used to detect GATA3， T-bet， p38 MAPK， and its phosphorylation in the decidual tissue. ResultAs compared with the normal group， the number of live births， the β-HCG， P， E₂， and IL-4 in the serum， and the GATA3 protein expression in the decidual tissue in the model group were reduced （P<0.01）， whereas the number and rate of miscarriages， IFN-γ in the serum， and the expression of p-p38 MAPK and T-bet protein levels in the demolded tissues increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the number of live births， the β-HCG， P， E₂， and IL-4 in the serum， and the GATA3 protein expression in the decidual tissue in the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction medium-dose group increased （P<0.01）， whereas the number and rate of miscarriages， IFN-γ in the serum， and the expression of p-p38 and T-bet protein levels in the demolded tissues reduced （P<0.01）. As compared with the aspirin group， the P， E₂， and IL-4 in the serum of rats in the dydrogesterone group and the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction high-dose and medium-dose groups increased （P<0.01）， the number of live births in the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction medium-dose group increased （P<0.01）， and the β-HCG and IFN-γ in the serum of rats in the dydrogesterone group decreased （P<0.01）. The number and rate of miscarriages， IFN-γ in the serum， and T-bet and GATA3 levels in the decidual tissues of rats in the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction medium-dose group decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction medium-dose group， the low-dose group， high-dose group， and dydrogesterone group showed increased number and rate of miscarriages （P<0.05）， and the high-dose group and dydrogesterone group decreased the number of live birth （P<0.01）. The IFN-γ in the serum and p-p38 MAPK and T-bet protein in the decidual tissue in the low-dose group， and the p-p38 MAPK and T-bet protein in the decidual tissue in the high-dose group all increased （P<0.05）. The β-HCG， P， and E₂ in the serum of rats in the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction low-dose group， dydrogesterone group， and aspirin group decreased （P<0.01）， and the IL-4 in the serum and GATA3 in the decidual tissue of rats in the Pangshi Antai Zhixue decoction low-dose and high-dose group and the dydrogesterone group decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionPangshi Antai Zhixue decoction realizes the effect of fetal protection by regulating the activation of p38 MAPK signal pathways and Th1/Th2 balance.