As a cross-disciplinary theory,euthanansia concerns the right of life and the dignity of death. In terms of law principles, according to the independent principle of life, the patient who is in extreme pain with an incurable disease should have the right of self-determination of euthanasia in order to safeguard his legitimate rights and dignity of death.

Objective To investigate and compare the actions of vecuronium and atracurium on adult and embryonic-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (?-and ?-nAChR) at skeletal muscle cell membrane. Methods The adult and embryonic nAChRs were heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells. Peak currents induced by actions of vecuronium and atracurium at ?-and ?-nAChR were recorded in HEK 293 cells, using whole cell patch clamp technique. Results Vecuronium and atracurium competitively inhibited ?-and ?-nAChR in HEK 293 cells. The inhibitor concentrations for half-maximal response (IC50) for vecuronium and atracurium ate-nAChR were (8.3 ? 2.6) ?mol/L and (24.2 ? 10.5) ?mol/L respectively; The IC50 values for vecuronium and atracurium at e-nAChR were (55.0 44 28.4) ?mol/L and (183.2 ? 39.2) ?mol/L respectively.Conclusion According to IC50 values for both adult and embryonic type nAChR, vecuronium is more potent than atracurium on e-and 7-nAChR. Embryonic nAChR is less sensitive to vecuronium and atracurium than adult-type nAChR.

Objective:To investigate the impact on the level of serum IL-8 and IL-18 by Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods:Helicobacter pylori were assessed by 14-Curea breath test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.All patients were divided into Hp positive group and Hp negative group on the basis of 14-C urea breath test results.The Hp positive group were divided into anti-helicobacter pylori group and control group.The level of ESR,serum C reactive protein (CRP), RF,IL-8 and IL-18 were measured in all patients before and after 12 weeks of treament.And the number of joint swelling,joint pain/tenderness,morning stiffness time, hands grip strength were recorded before and after 12 weeks treatment.Results: 12 weeks after treatment,the effective rate in the Hp negative group and the anti-helicobacter pylori group was higher than that in the control group (84.09%vs 62.50%,χ2=5.41,81.25% vs 62.50%,χ2=4.17,P<0.05).The clinical symptoms significantly improved and the levels of ESR, C-reactive protein, RF, IL-8 and IL-18 significantly reduced in the three groups ( P<0.05 ) .The clinical symptoms improved more obviously in the Hp negative group and the anti-helicobacter pylori group than that in the control group.The levels of ESR,C-reactive protein,IL-8 and IL-18 in the Hp negative group and the anti-helicobacter pylori group was lower than that in the control group.While there was no significantly difference in the level of RF in the three groups.Conclusion:From a certain extent ,Hp eradication therapy can improve the clinical curative effect of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To investigate the effects of pancuronium on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) and to determine if pancuronium has direct effects on PC cells.Methods PC12 cells (purchased from Institute of Cytology, Chinese Academy of Science) were cultured in DMEM containing penicillin and glutamine. nAChR in PC12 cells were stimulated with different concentrations of Ach ( 10, 30, 100, 300, 1 000 ?mol?L-1 ). Ach-mediated inward currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp technique with holding potential set at - 80 mV. To investigate the effects of pancuronium on nAChR in PC cells, the PC12 cells were perfused with different concentrations of pancuronium (0.01,0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1 000 ?mol ? L-1 ) before Ach 1 ?mol?L-1 was added. Results Inward currents were elicited by stimulation of nAChR with Ach in a concentration-dependent manner. 93.7% of nAChRs could be activated by 1 ?mol ? L1 Ach. Pancuronium reversibly suppressed the currents in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control currents elicited by 1 ?mol?L-1 Ach. 1 ?mol?L-1 pancuronium could almost completely suppressed the currents elicited by 1 ?mol ? L-1 Ach.Conclusion Pancuronium could inhibit nAChR in PC12 cells and reduce catecholamine release.

Objective To investigate the effects of rocuronium and vecuronium on the adult-type (?-nAChR) and fetal-type (?-nAChR) muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Methods HEK293 cells were obtained from Institute of Cytology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.?- and ?-nAChRs were expressed heterologously in HEK293 cells using transfection technique. Whole cell patch clamp technique was used to determine the potencies of the two muscle relaxants alone or in combination in blocking the function of the two types of nAChRs. Results Both rocuronium and vecuronium could competitively inhibit the activation of ?- nAChR and ?-nAChR by Ach. The IC50 of rocuronium and vecuronium for ?-nAChR was 169.2 ? 12.5 and (8.3 ? 2.7) ?mol?L-1 and for ?-nAChR was 8.6 ? 2.7 and (55.0?10.4) ?mol?L-1 respectively. The IC50 of rocuronium in combination with vecuronium was (0.7 ? 0.3) ?mol ? L-1 for ?-nAChR and (36.3 ? 14.2) ?mol ? L-1 for ?-nAChR.Conclusion The two muscle relaxants have different blocking action on the two types of nAChRs. Rocuronium has stronger inhibitory effect on ?-nAChR than on ?-nAChR while vecuronium has stronger inhibitory effect on ?-nAChR than on ?-nAChR. The inhibitory effects of the two muscle relaxants in combination was synergistic on ?-nAChR and additive on ?-nAChR.

Diabetes is a common disease,the complications caused by hyperglycemia have a serious impact on the quality of life of patients.The wound healing after skin injury in diabetic patient is affected by many factors.This article reviews various factors related to angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetes,including insulin,endogenous hydrogen sulfide,hypoxia inducible factor-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α.These findings may provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of diabetic wound healing,foot ulcer and other complications.

Objective To investigate the effect of malignant tumor on neuromuscular block of cisatracurium. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients with head and neck neoplasms (15 cases with benign tumor, 45 with malignant tumor), aged 18-64 yr, were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 15 each): Ⅰ benign tumor group (group B,3 × ED95 ); Ⅱ -Ⅳ different dose cisatracurium group (group C1 (2 × ED95 ), C2 (3 × ED95 ) and C3 (4 ×ED95)). Neuromuscular block was assessed with accelerograph F (TOF-watch SX). Single stimulation of ulnar nerve was used. Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration 3 μg/ml) and remifentanil (target effect-site concentration 3 ng/ml). Tracheal intubation was facilitated with cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg in group B, and with cisatracurium 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg in group C1, C2 and C3 respectively. The onset time, clinical duration, time for recovery of T/Tc to 75 % and recovery index were recorded. Results The clinical duration, time for recovery of T/Tc to 75 % and recovery index were significantly longer in group C2 than in group B (P ＜ 0.05). The onset time was significantly shorter, while the clinical duration and time for recovery of T/Tc to 75% were significantly longer in group C2 and C3 than in group C1 , and in group C3 than in group C2 ( P ＜0.05) .Conclusion The duration of action and recovery times of cisatracurium were prolonged in patients with malignant tumor.

Serine protease inhibitor (serpin) is a kind of serine protease activity regulator,which including nine subfamilies (SERPIN A ～ I).SERPINE (Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor,Clade E) can regulate many important life processes.In this paper,the physical and chemical properties,mechanisms and regulatory factors of SERPINE1 and SERPINE2 in the two important members of SERPINE family are introduced,and the research progress of SERPINE family in the fibrosis related diseases is described.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can be induced in ischemia and other pathological states and mediate neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia.Understanding the upregulation mechanism of TRAIL in ischemic brain tissue is promising to develop new treatment for stroke.

YKL-40 (human cartilage glycoprotein 39) is a newly discovered inflammatory cytokine, which belongs to the member of 18 glycosyl hydrolase of mammal family. Previous studies have indicated that YKL-40 is associated with the acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and tumors. Studies in recent years have suggested that YKL-40 may be involved in the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic plaques, and it is correlated with the plaque instability. The physiological function and the mechanisms of YKL-40 are not fully understood. It may have the roes of promoting vascular smooth muscle migration and proliferation, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as regulating extracellular matrix remodeling The detection of YKL-40 may have some significance in the aided diagnosis, predicting prognosis, prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and even the establishment of new therapeutic strategies.