Objective To investigate transmission routes of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)caused by methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),and make effective measures for preventing and controlling the oc-currence and epidemic of HAI caused by multidrug-resistance bacteria.Methods From February 24 to March 29, 2012,12 MRSA-infected patients were performed epidemiological study,these patients underwent bronchoscopy be-cause of tracheal stenosis,strains were identified by amplifying the sequences of 16S rRNA ,femA and mecA with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR),homology analysis of strains were performed by Spa geno-typing.Results All 12 MRSA-infected patients were susceptible to multidrug-resistance bacterial infection,5 cases of MRSA infection occurred during this hospitalization.Detection of specimens from health care workers and envi-ronment were all negative;Spa gene of all 12 MRSA isolates was type t 030 ,which was the main epidemic strain in Asia;Spa gene of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nurses’noses was type t1425 .Conclusion The assumption of MRSA spread among health care workers aren’t supported by the epidemiological investigation results,genotypes of 12 MRSA isolates are identical,but the result of gene typing can’t be as the evidence of homology of infection ;patients at high risk for MRSA infection should be screened as early as possible,early contact isolation should be performed,so as to prevent and control the occurrence of HAI.

Objective To explore the effect of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 (cIAP-1) gene on the radiosensitivity of SMMC-7721 cells.Methods We silenced cIAP-1 expressions by the shRNA technology,and then we detected the changes of cell proliferation,cell cycle and cell apoptosis by CCK8 as-say,Western blot,qRT-PCR and flow cytometry after the radiotherapy.Results The cell proliferation rate of liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells at different radiation doses of 1 Gy,4 Gy,7 Gy and 10 Gy was detected.Comparing with control group (pGCsi-H1-control),the cell proliferation in cIAP-1 silencing group (pGCsiH1-shRNA) was significantly reduced at various radiation doses,and the effect was dose-dependent (P ＜ 0.05).G1/G0 phase arrest was observed after radiation (P ＜0.01),and the proportion of cells in S phase was significantly reduced compared with control (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with control group,G1/G0 phase arrest was detected (P ＜ 0.05),and the percentage of cell apoptosis was increased significantly in cIAP-1 silencing group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion cIAP-1 silencing can enhance the radiosensitivity of liver cancer cells,and inhibit cell proliferation by promoting the anti-tumor effect of radiation.

Objective To investigate the effect of auricular acupressure on the stress reaction of conscious patients during emergency rescue in the intensive care unit(ICU).Methods Fifty conscious patients admitted to ICU were randomly divided into experiment group and control group,25 cases in each group.The two groups received conventional interventions,all separated by curtains during the rescue for psychological nursing by full-time nurses.Besides,the experiment group received auricular acupressure. The two groups were compared in terms of heart rates,systolic blood pressure,blood glucose,plasma catecholamines(epinephrine and norepinephrine)and cortisol index.Results All the items of stress reaction at minutes 30 and 60 in the experiment group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The rescue times of 30min,1H in experiment group,the stress index of experiment group at 30 mins and 60 mins were lower than those in the control group,the differences were statistically significant(all P<0?05)Conclusions Auricular acupressure is of good effects on physiological stress reaction in conscious patients during emergency rescue in ICU?

Objective To analyze the gene expression of pathogenic factors in vaginal secretions of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis by using Oligo chips. Methods RNA was extracted from vaginal secretions of 10 patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and 3 asymptomatic carriers, and hybridized with oligonuscreened followed by a bioinformatic analysis. Results Comparing with the asymptomatic carriers, the patients showed a higher expression of 44 genes and lower expression of 17 genes. Of these differentially expressed (TLR) 4, HWP1, SAP2, SAP5, LIP4, EFG1 and CPH1 were highly expressed in more than 80% of the secretion samples from patients with an average ratio of 4.013, while LIP6 and WH11 were lowly expressed in more IFN-γ and TLR4 were associated with native immunity, HWP1 associated with hyphal adhesion and formation, SAP2, SAP5, LIP4 and LIP6 associated with extracellular hydrolysis, and EFG1, CPH1 and WH11 associated with phenotypic switching. Conclusions Both the host adaptive immunity deficiency and increased virulence of Candida species are involved in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, and TLR4 possibly plays a certain role in the local immunity of patients with this entity.

Objective To estimate the application value of colony PCR in the detection of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Methods Colony PCR was established and performed to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 19 species (strains) of filamentous fungus followed by sequencing analysis. At the same time, DNA extracts from 8 of the 19 species of filamentous fungus were subjected to conventional PCR. Hha I and Hinf I endonucleases were used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the conventional and colony PCR products. Comparison analysis was carried out between the colony and conventional PCR. Results Of the 19 strains, 16(84.2%) yielded positive results by colony PCR; sequence analysis of the PCR products of ITS region revealed a 96% - 100% similarity with the reference sequence (NCBI database)of corresponding fungi. The amplification product length and RFLP profile of these products from the 8 species of filamentous fungus, except for those from Aspergillus nidulans, were consistent between the colony and conventional PCR. Conclusions Compared with conventional PCR, colony PCR-based detection of filamentous fungi is easy to operate, time and labor-saving, with high accuracy and reliability, and can be applied to the rapid identification of filamentous fungi.

Objective To investigate the effect of electron transfer system on the hyphal formation of Candida albicans. Methods Candida albicans was cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% new-born calf serum in 5% CO2 at 37 ℃ with or without the presence of inhibitors or activators of electron transfer system. Growth curve, morphology and percent of filamentation were observed for Candida albicans. MTT assay was used to assess the viability of Candida albicans. Results The solvents (chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide) had no significant effect on the growth of and filamentation in Candida albicans. After incubation with thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) or benzhydroxamic acid for 24 hours, yeast cells of Candida albicans predominated in the culture. The growth of Candida albicans was significantly inhibited in log phase by the incubation with classic respiratory chain inhibitors such as rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin, sodium azide, TTFA and sodium malonate, compared with the controls (all P < 0.01). Benzhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative oxidative pathway, also significantly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in log phase (t = 10.92, P < 0.01). After incubation with rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin, sodium azide, TTFA, sodium malonate, benzhydroxamic acid and disodium gnanylate, the percentage of filamentation in Candida albicans at 12 hours was 87.49 ± 0.52, 48.75 ± 4.44, 50.33 ± 8.50, 99.00 ± 1.00, 1.60 ± 0.53, 94.01 ± 0.99, 0.00 ± 0.00 and 92.33 ± 2.08, respectively, and the growth of Candida albicans at 7 hours was inhibited by (1.34 ± 0.15)%, (70.61 ± 1.02)%, (50.63 ± 5.38)%, (17.80 ± 7.89)%, (45.17 ± 1.27)%, (10.75 ± 3.62)%, (72.46 ± 1.14)% and -(5.96 ± 4.07)%, respectively. Conclusions Hyphal formation of Candida albicans could be suppressed by inhibitors of classic respiratory chain or alternative oxidative pathway, and is mainly regulated by alternative oxidative pathway.

Objective To report a case of vaginal colonization due to Trichosporon inkin. Methods A 34-year-old female presented with increased vaginal discharge accompanied by abnormal odor for 2 months. Clinical laboratory examination was carried out. Cultures of vaginal discharge yielded yeast-like colony. Subsequently, the isolate underwent the following mycological examinations: purification, slide micro-culture, temperature test, urea enzyme test, biochemistry identification, antifungal susceptibility test, and gene sequencing. Results Gynecological examination revealed white homogeneous secretions attached to mucous membrane of the vagina. Nugent scores of vaginal discharge amounted to 5-6. Two rounds of culture of vaginal discharge resulted in stramineous, reductus and yeast-like colony. The isolate could grow in 42 ℃. Appressorium on the top of hypha and typical sarcinae formed in slide microculture of corn agar, and yeast malt agar was the optimal growth medium for it. Urea enzyme test was positive. API 20C AUX biochemical test and gene sequencing revealed that the isolate was consistent with Trichosporon inkin. The isolate was sensitive to amphotericin B and azoles such as clotrimazole and fluconazole, but resistant to flucytosine and caspofungin. Conclusions It is the first report of vaginal colonization due to T. Inkin in China. The accu-rate identification of T. Inkin relies on synthetic analysis of phenotype characteristics, biochemistry test and molecular sequencing.

Objective To genotype Trichosporon spp. with rDNA-ITSAGSl-RFLP analysis followed by cluster analysis, and attempt to apply this method to rapid species identification of human pathogenic Trichosporon spp.. Methods Fourteen strains of Trichosporon, which belonged to 8 species, were collected. The rDNA-ITS/IGSl regions were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Simultaneously, the amplicons were digested separately with restriction enzymes, including Hae III, Hha I , Hae IH and Hha I , Hinf I , Msp I and Taq I . Results The 8 species of Trichosporon could be classified into 4 subgroups with rDNA-ITS-RFLP, while inter-species identification of all the 14 strains from 8 species of Trichosporon could be realized with rDNA-IGSl-RFLP. Also, those genotypes of T. asahii which had relative long phylogenic distance could even be discriminated with rDNA-IGSl-RFLP. Conclusion The rDNA-ITS/IGSl-RFLP analysis is expected to be used in rapid interspecific identification of genus Trichosporon.

Objective To develop a PCR-RFLP method to rapidly identify filamentous fungi causing deep infection. Methods Universal fungal primers were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus Bavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus nidulans, Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium moniliforme followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with restrictive endonucleases Hha I, Hae III, Hinf I, Taq I and Msp I. Then, 22 clinical and 2 environmental fungal isolates were identified with the developed PCR-RFLP method. Results The RFLP analysis of PCR products with restrictive endonucleases Hha I and Hinf I allowed discrimination of 8 filamentous fungi causing invasive infection, and it took only 1 day to carry out the whole procedure from DNA extraction to PCR and restriction digestion. The identification results of 22 clinical strains and 2 environmental isolates with this PCR-RFLP method were completely consistent with those with conventional morphological method. Conclusion PCR-RFLP analysis is an efficient method for rapid identification of cultured filamentous fungi.

OBJECTIVESelecting an effective way to increase salt-resistance of Prunella vulgaris seed through seed priming technology.

METHODThe treatment of salt stress to P. vulgaris seeds was made by the different concentrations of NaCl solutions. Primed seeds germinated under 0.8% NaCl.

RESULTAs concentrations of NaCl increasing, seed germination percentage, germination index and vitality index reduced. Primed with 15%-35% PEG, 100-500 mg x L(-1) GA3 and 0.4%-2.0% KNO3-KH2PO4 could enhance seeds germination index and vitality index under salt stress while treated with NaCl seeds germination percentage reduced.

CONCLUSIONTreated with PEG, GA3, KNO3-KH2PO4 under proper concentration, the seed vigor, seed resistance under salt stress increased.

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; drug effects ; Germination ; drug effects ; Prunella ; drug effects ; physiology ; Salt-Tolerance ; drug effects ; Seeds ; drug effects ; physiology ; Sodium Chloride ; pharmacology