In order to understand the characteristics of avian leukosis virus(ALV)infection and the polymorphisms of receptor genes Tva,Tvb and NHE1 sequences in different Qingyuan Ma chick-en breeding farms,the isolation and identification of exogenous ALV virus,receptor gene amplifi-cation and sequencing analysis were carried out in five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeding farms.The results of virus isolation and subtype identification showed that the positive rate of exogenous ALV virus isolation in farms A,B and C was less than 5％,among which there was ALV-J infection alone in farm A,mixed infection with ALV-J and ALV-K in farm B,ALV-K infection a-lone in farm C,and no exogenous ALV infection was detected in farm D and E.Polymorphism anal-ysis of recipient genes showed that there were different frequencies of Tvar3,Tvar4 and Tvbr3 re-sistance alleles in A-E farms,and the distribution frequency of Tvar3 was 0.2-0.6,the distribution frequency of Tvar4 was 0.3-0.7,and the distribution frequency of Tvbr3 was 0.1-0.7.In addition,there were Tvar5 resistance alleles in both B and D farms,with a distribution frequency of 0.2.A to-tal of 18 SNP mutations occurred in the NHE1 receptor gene sequence,and further analysis showed that positions 1 279,1 361,1 369,1 406,1 442,and 1 912 were non-synonymous mutations,which could cause changes in amino acids.The study suggested that there were differences in the exogenous ALV and its subtypes among the five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeders,and each farm should have a more targeted and unique purification strategy.The distribution of Tva and Tvb re-sistance alleles at different frequencies,along with the occurrence of 6 non-synonymous mutations in the NHE1 gene,indicate that Qingyuan Ma chicken have the potential of genetic resistance breeding.

Objective:To understand the rate of spirometry examination and its related factors among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged ≥40 years in China from 2014 to 2015, and provide evidence for diagnosis, treatment and management of COPD patients normatively.Methods:Data were obtained from 2014-2015 COPD surveillance, China. The previous lung function examination status and other information of the subjects were collected by face-to-face survey. We defined COPD as a post-bronchodilator FEV 1: FVC less than 70%. A total of 9 130 COPD patients were included in the analysis of this study. The rate of spirometry examination and its 95% confidence interval ( CI) were estimated in COPD patients aged ≥40 years with complicated sampling weights. Meanwhile, the spirometry examination related factors were analyzed. Results:The estimated rate of spirometry examination among COPD patients was 5.9% (95% CI: 4.9%-6.9%), 6.1% (95% CI: 5.2%-7.1%) for men and 5.3% (95% CI: 4.0%-6.6%) for women. The rate was significantly higher in urban population than in rural ( P<0.001). With the increase of education level, the rate of spirometry examination among COPD patients increased gradually ( P<0.001). The rate of spirometry examination was 4.0% (95% CI: 3.1%-4.9%) among COPD patients in agricultural industry. The rate of spirometry examination among COPD patients with awareness of pulmonary function test was 32.3% (95% CI: 26.4%-38.1%). The rate of spirometry examination among COPD patients with previous chronic respiratory disease and respiratory symptoms were 13.7%(95% CI:11.5%-15.9%), 8.8%(95% CI:7.2%-10.4%), respectively. The rate of spirometry examination among COPD patients exposed to occupational dust and/or harmful gases was 5.7% (95% CI: 4.6%-6.9%). The rate of spirometry examination in former smokers among COPD patients was 10.2% (95% CI: 8.0%-12.4%), higher than those in current smokers (4.2%, 95% CI: 3.3%-5.1%) and non-smokers (6.3%, 95% CI: 5.1%-7.6%). Conclusion:The rate of spirometry examination is extremely low among COPD patients aged ≥40 in China, and the standardized diagnosis, treatment and management of COPD patients need to be improved urgently.

Objective:To understand the medication treatment rate and its associated factors among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged ≥40 years in China, and to provide basic data for targeted interventions to improve the diagnosis and treatment of COPD patients.Methods:Data were from COPD surveillance of Chinese residents in 2014-2015. Questionnaire and pre-bronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry were performed on all respondents. Individuals with post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC<70% were diagnosed as COPD patients. A total of 9 120 COPD patients were included in the analysis. Based on the complex sampling design, the medication treatment rate and 95% CI among COPD patients were estimated, and the associated factors were analyzed. Results:The medication treatment rate for COPD patients aged ≥40 years was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.2%-13.0%), the treatment rate with inhaled medication was 3.4% (95% CI: 2.9%-4.0%), and the treatment rate with oral or intravenous medication was 10.4% (95% CI: 9.0%-12.0%). All treatment rates were higher in patients who knew that they had COPD before the investigation. The rate of medication treatment in patients aged ≥60 years was higher than that in patients aged <60 years. Medication treatment rate, and oral or intravenous medication treatment rate among women were higher than those among men. These two treatment rates in patients with harmful occupational exposure were higher than those in patients without exposure. The medication treatment rate, and oral or intravenous medication treatment rate in former smokers were higher than those in current smokers and never smokers. Patients who knew that they had COPD before the investigation had higher rates of three treatments than those who were not aware of their disease conditions. Those with respiratory symptoms had higher three treatments rates than those without symptoms. Conclusion:In China, the rate of medication treatment for COPD patients aged ≥40 years old, especially the rate of inhaled medication treatment was very low. Being aware of their own COPD status and the emergence of respiratory symptoms were important factors associated with COPD medication treatment. Early diagnosis of COPD should be strengthened and the level of standardized treatment for patients should be improved.

Objective:To understand the smoking cessation behaviors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 40 years or older in China and provide evidence for COPD control and prevention.Methods:COPD patients with post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC<70% were selected from COPD surveillance (2014-2015) of China, in which 5 791 current or former smokers defined by questionnaire survey were included in the study. The smoking cessation rate/ratio and the successful smoking cessation rate in COPD patients, the successful smoking cessation rate in COPD patients who ever smoked daily and the rate of attempting to quit smoking in current smokers with COPD were estimated using data adjusted by complicated sampling method. Results:The smoking cessation rate was 25.0% and the successful smoking cessation rate was 19.1% in COPD patients aged 40 years or older who ever smoked. The smoking cessation ratio was 23.1% and the successful smoking cessation ratio was 17.6% in COPD patients who ever smoked daily. The rate and ratio were higher in urban area than rural area ( P<0.05) and increased with age ( P<0.05). Patients who were aware of smoking being a risk factor for COPD had higher rate and ratio than patients who were not aware ( P<0.05). Patients with more severe airflow limitation and patients smoking less had higher rate and ratio ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The smoking cessation rate and ratio were low in COPD patients in China. More health education for COPD patients about smoking cessation needs to be strengthened. It is suggested for healthcare workers to actively advise smoking cessation and suggest smoking cessation ways for patients who smoke in their routine clinical service to increase the successful smoking cessation rate/ratio in COPD patients.

Objective:To understand the awareness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) status and awareness of COPD-related knowledge and its influencing factors in COPD patients aged ≥40 years in China in 2014-2015.Methods:The study subjects were selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 125 COPD surveillance points in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. The number of the subjects was 75 107. The relevant variables about COPD diagnosis and COPD-related knowledge awareness were collected by electronic questionnaire in face to face interviews. A total of 9 134 participates with post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC<70% were diagnosed with COPD. Based on the complex sampling design, the awareness rate of COPD status and related knowledge were estimated, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results:A total of 9 132 COPD patients were included in the analysis. Among COPD patients aged ≥40 years in China, 0.9% were aware of their COPD status (95 %CI: 0.6%-1.1%), and 5.7% were aware of COPD related knowledge (95 %CI: 4.8%-6.6%), and 3.4% were aware of pulmonary function test (95 %CI: 2.8%-4.0%). The COPD status awareness rate was 3.9% in the patients with history of chronic respiratory disease (95 %CI: 2.9%-4.8%), 2.4% in the patients with respiratory symptoms (95 %CI: 1.7%-3.1%), and 7.1% in the patients with COPD related knowledge awareness (95 %CI: 4.5%-9.8%) respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic respiratory disease history, respiratory symptoms, occupational dust and/or harmful gas exposure and COPD related knowledge awareness had influences on the awareness rate of COPD status. Educational level and chronic respiratory disease history had influences on the awareness rate of COPD related knowledge. And ethnic groups, educational level and history of chronic respiratory diseases had influences on the awareness rate of pulmonary function test. Conclusions:The awareness rates of COPD status, COPD-related knowledge and pulmonary function test in COPD patients in China were low. The comprehensive intervention of COPD should be carried out to improve the level of diagnosis and the awareness COPD status of COPD patients.

Objective:To understand the pneumococcal vaccination rate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 40 years or older in China and provide evidence for COPD control and prevention.Methods:COPD patients with post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC<70% in COPD surveillance (2014-2015) of China were used as study subjects, in which 9 067 patients with definite pneumococcal vaccination status were included. The pneumococcal vaccination rate and its 95 %CI in COPD patients were estimated using data adjusted by complicated sampling method. The factors in association with the vaccination rate were also identified. Results:The pneumococcal vaccination rate was 0.8% in the past five years in COPD patients aged 40 years or older in China (95 %CI: 0.3%-1.4%). The vaccination rate was 0.3% in the patients aged 40 to 59 years (95 %CI: 0.2%-0.5%) and 1.2% in the patients aged 60 years or older (95 %CI: 0.3%-2.1%) ( P<0.05). The rate was higher in the patients living in urban area (1.5%) than in those living in rural area (0.4%) ( P<0.05). The vaccination rate increased with the severity of airflow limitation ( P<0.05). The patients with comorbidities of other chronic lung diseases or diabetes had higher vaccination rate (1.7% and 2.1%) compared with those without comorbidities ( P<0.05). The vaccination rate was 1.4% in former smokers and 0.6% in current smokers. The pneumococcal vaccination rate in COPD patients was associated with age, education level, occupation, the severity of airflow limitation and the history of influenza vaccination. Conclusions:The pneumococcal vaccination rate was extremely low in COPD patients aged 40 years or older in China. It is necessary to strengthen the health education and recommendation for pneumococcal vaccination in COPD patients through different measures.

Objective:To understand the situation of respiratory rehabilitation and oxygen inhalation therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 40 years or older in China, and provide basic information for the development of pulmonary rehabilitation.Methods:The data were from 2014-2015 COPD surveillance in China. Chinese residents aged 40 years or older were recruited through a complex multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 125 COPD surveillance points in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). Standardized face to face electronic questionnaires were used to collect information about respiratory rehabilitation and oxygen inhalation therapy of the patients. Spirometry was performed on all participants, and patients with post- bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC<70% were diagnosed with COPD. The number of defined COPD patients was 9 134. Based on the complex sampling design, the respiratory rehabilitation treatment rate and oxygen inhalation therapy rate of COPD patients aged 40 years old or older in China were estimated, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results:A total of 9 118 COPD patients aged 40 years or older were included in the analysis. The rate of respiratory rehabilitation was 0.8% (95 CI: 0.6%-1.0%), and the rate of oxygen inhalation therapy was 2.5% (95 %CI: 2.0%-2.9%). Among patients with severe symptoms or high risk of acute exacerbation (combined COPD assessment groups B, C, D), the rate of respiratory rehabilitation was 1.4% (95 %CI: 0.9%-1.9%), and the rate of oxygen inhalation therapy was 5.4% (95 %CI: 4.4%-6.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that urban or rural residences, geographic area, awareness of COPD, history of acute exacerbation and severity of airflow restriction had influences on the respiratory rehabilitation rate in the COPD patients. Gender, geographic area, awareness of COPD, history of acute exacerbation, mMRC scores and severity of airflow restriction had influences on the patients’ oxygen inhalation therapy rate. Conclusions:The rate of respiratory rehabilitation and oxygen inhalation therapy in COPD patients aged 40 years or older was relatively low in China. It is necessary to explore an effective model of pulmonary rehabilitation and COPD management, so that more COPD patients may have access to scientific pulmonary rehabilitation treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients in China.Methods:This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 3 528 consecutive GBC patients diagnosed between January 2010 to December 2017 in 15 hospitals from 10 provinces. There were 1 345 (38.12%) males and 2 183 (61.88%) females.The age of diagnosis was (63.7±10.8) years old (range: 26 to 99 years old) .There were 213 patients (6.04%) in stage 0 to Ⅰ, whereas 1 059 (30.02%) in stage Ⅱ to Ⅲ, 1 874 (53.12%) in stage Ⅳ, and 382 (10.83%) unavailable. Surgery was performed on 2 255 patients (63.92%) . Three hundred and thirty-six patients received chemotherapy or radiotherapy (9.52%; of which 172 were palliative); 1 101 (31.21%) received only supportive treatment.The patient source, treatment and surgery, pathology, concomitant gallstone, and prognosis were analyzed.Results:Among the 3 528 GBC patients, 959 (27.18%) were from East China, 603 (17.09%) from East-North China, 1 533 (43.45%) from Central China, and 433(12.27%) from West China. Among the 1 578 resectable tumor, 665 (42.14%) underwent radical surgery, 913 (57.86%) underwent surgery that failed to follow the guidelines.Eight hundred and ninety-one (56.46%) patients were diagnosed before surgery, 254 (16.10%) during surgery, and 381 (24.14%) after surgery (time point of diagnosis couldn′t be determined in 52 patients) .Among the 1 578 patients with resectable tumor, 759 (48.10%) had concomitant gallstone.Among the 665 patients underwent radical surgery, 69 (10.4%) showed positive resection margin, 510 (76.7%) showed negative resection margin, and 86 (12.9%) unreported margin status.The 5-year overall survival rate (5yOS) for the 3 528-patient cohort was 23.0%.The 5yOS for patients with resectable tumor was 39.6%, for patients with stage ⅣB tumor without surgery was 5.4%, and for patients with stage ⅣB tumor underwent palliative surgery was 4.7%.Conclusions:More than half GBC patients in China are diagnosed in stage Ⅳ.Curative intent surgery is valuable in improving prognosis of resectable GBC.The treatment of GBC needs further standardization.Effective comprehensive treatment for GBC is in urgent need.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients in China.Methods:This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 3 528 consecutive GBC patients diagnosed between January 2010 to December 2017 in 15 hospitals from 10 provinces. There were 1 345 (38.12%) males and 2 183 (61.88%) females.The age of diagnosis was (63.7±10.8) years old (range: 26 to 99 years old) .There were 213 patients (6.04%) in stage 0 to Ⅰ, whereas 1 059 (30.02%) in stage Ⅱ to Ⅲ, 1 874 (53.12%) in stage Ⅳ, and 382 (10.83%) unavailable. Surgery was performed on 2 255 patients (63.92%) . Three hundred and thirty-six patients received chemotherapy or radiotherapy (9.52%; of which 172 were palliative); 1 101 (31.21%) received only supportive treatment.The patient source, treatment and surgery, pathology, concomitant gallstone, and prognosis were analyzed.Results:Among the 3 528 GBC patients, 959 (27.18%) were from East China, 603 (17.09%) from East-North China, 1 533 (43.45%) from Central China, and 433(12.27%) from West China. Among the 1 578 resectable tumor, 665 (42.14%) underwent radical surgery, 913 (57.86%) underwent surgery that failed to follow the guidelines.Eight hundred and ninety-one (56.46%) patients were diagnosed before surgery, 254 (16.10%) during surgery, and 381 (24.14%) after surgery (time point of diagnosis couldn′t be determined in 52 patients) .Among the 1 578 patients with resectable tumor, 759 (48.10%) had concomitant gallstone.Among the 665 patients underwent radical surgery, 69 (10.4%) showed positive resection margin, 510 (76.7%) showed negative resection margin, and 86 (12.9%) unreported margin status.The 5-year overall survival rate (5yOS) for the 3 528-patient cohort was 23.0%.The 5yOS for patients with resectable tumor was 39.6%, for patients with stage ⅣB tumor without surgery was 5.4%, and for patients with stage ⅣB tumor underwent palliative surgery was 4.7%.Conclusions:More than half GBC patients in China are diagnosed in stage Ⅳ.Curative intent surgery is valuable in improving prognosis of resectable GBC.The treatment of GBC needs further standardization.Effective comprehensive treatment for GBC is in urgent need.