Objective To observe the degree of arterial oxygenation and the incidence of hypoxaemia by different antalgic modes in elderly patients postoperatively, and to investigate the way of prophylaxis and treatment. Methods Sixty elderly patients by different postoperative antalgic modes were randomly divided into three groups with 20 in each: patient-controlled epidural analgesia group, continuously intravenous infusion analgesia group and intramuscular injection analgesia group. The oxygen saturation was monitored during 24 hours and the arterial blood gases were measured immediately before and 4, 24 and 48 hour after operation. Results The rates of hypoxaemia occurring once or more in patient-controlled epidural analgesia group, continuously intravenous infusion analgesia group and intramuscular injection analgesia group were 21%, 36% and 32% respectively . There were no significant differences in PaO 2 (arterial PO 2) and PaCO 2 (arterial PCO 2) between postoperative 48 hour and immediately before operation in patient-controlled epidural analgesia group. PaO 2 and PaCO 2 at 4 and 24 hour after operation were significantly lower than those immediately before operation, and all were over 70 mmHg. Conclusions Patient-controlled epidural analgesia may improve the degree of arterial oxygenation and lower the incidence of hypoxaemia after operation in elderly patients.

AIM: To investigate the effects of rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis on delayed rectifier K+currents (IK).METHODS:The retinas of 2~3 d newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were dissociated into cell suspension by trypsin digestion .The RGCs were cultured and divided into control group , pressure 0.5 h group, pressure 1 h group, pressure 1.5 h group and pressure 2 h group.The cells were cultured regularly for 6 d in control group , and the cells in other groups were cultured regularly for 6 d and gave pressure of 80 mmHg for 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h and 2 h, respectively. The rhodamine 123 fluorescence from labeled RGC mitochondrion was detected by continuous wavelength multifunctional microplate detection instrument.The membrane capacitance (Cm) in different groups and IK in the pressure 1 h group were recorded from the RGCs by whole-cell patch-clamp technique .RESULTS:No difference of rhodamine 123 fluorescence in the RGC mitochondria between control group and pressure 0.5 h group was observed .Rhodamine 123 fluorescence in the other 3 groups was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05).No difference of the Cm between control group and pressure 0.5 h group was found, and the Cm in the other 3 groups was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05).The amplitudes of IK were higher than that in control group .At the test potential from -10 mV to 60 mV, the current density in pressure 1 h group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The maximal conduc-tion ( Gmax ) in pressure 1 h group was significantly higher than that in control group .The voltage for IK channel half-activa-tion ( V1/2 ) in pressure 1 h group declined comparison with control group ( P<0.01 ) , and the k value had no significant difference between the 2 groups.CONCLUSION:Retinal ganglion cell apoptosis accompanies with delayed rectifier K +current enhancement .

Objective To evaluate effect of Qi-ming granule on vision function of patients with mild, moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR ) .Methods Using the randomized double blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial method.From Oct.2012 to Jun.2014, 36 patients with 68 eyes who included in the standard were randomly divided into treatment group,control group,given Qi-ming gran-ule and placebo respectively for 6 months, exam with mfERG before treatment and after treatment, evaluate the curative effect.Results After 6 months treatment of Qi-ming granule, the implicit time of the 4th ring of the N1 wave about the mfERG was shorter than that of preoperative( P <0.05), the amplitude density was more than both that of preoperative and control group( P <0.01), the amplitude density of the 5th ring increased compared to that of control group;The peak latency of 3 rd ring of P1 wave was shorter than that of control group( P <0.01), the amplitude density of 1st,3rd,5th ring restored compared with that of preopera-tive and control group( P <0.01), the amplitude density of 4th ring improve than that of control group( P<0.01).Conclusions Qi-ming granule can improve the multifocal ERG of patients with mild, moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, restore the vision function.

Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Humans ; Pericardium ; pathology

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the classification of cardiac amyloidosis on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and heart allograft. Methods: Twenty cardiac tissues from 19 patients at Fuwai Hospital from January, 1990 to April, 2017 with histopathologic features of amyloidosis and Congo red staining positivity were included. IHC was performed with monoclonal antibodies against AA amyloid and polyclonal antibodies against transthyretin (ATTR), λ-light chain (AL-λ), κ-light chain (AL-κ), ApoAⅠ, ApoAⅡ, ApoA Ⅳ and β₂-microglobin. The extent of interstitial staining was evaluated by light microscopy, and three patterns were recognized; these included diffuse pericellular pattern, discrete pericellular pattern, and nodular pattern. Two patterns of vascular deposition were also noted, including arterial pattern and venous pattern. Endocardial involvement was also assessed and recorded. Results: Nineteen cases were divided into three groups according to the pattern of proteins expression in specimens. The first group (5 cases) only showed single protein expression on EMB. The second group (6 cases) showed more than one protein expression, but one of them was intensely stained or any staining of any protein together with ApoA Ⅳ co-staining. The third group (8 cases) also showed more than one protein expression and all of them had intense staining. Amyloid deposits were successfully subtyped as AL-λ, ATTR, AL-κ and ApoAⅠby IHC in the former two groups with the sensitivity of 11/19. In the third group, amyloid deposits could not be subtyped by immunohistochemistry due to their poor specificity. The pericellular pattern tended to favor AL over ATTR amyloidosis and vascular deposition tended to favor ATTR. Conclusions Amyloid deposits can be reliably subtyped in diagnostic cardiac specimens using IHC. The co-deposition of chaperon proteins, the distribution of amyloid proteins and clinical features are also auxiliary to subtype cardiac amyloidosis.

Objective:To observe the morphological characteristics of high myopia (HM) paravalvular abnormalities (PVA), and the correlation between different manifestations of PVA and myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) was analyzed.Methods:A cross-sectional clinical study. A total of 42 middle-aged and elderly patients with HM and PVA diagnosed by ophthalmology examination in Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June to December 2021 were included in the study. There were 24 eyes in 16 males and 48 eyes in 26 females. Age was (56.71±8.10) years old. Diopter was (-13.05±3.10) D. Axial length (AL) was (28.22±1.04) mm. According to the characteristics of ultra-wide-angle optical coherence tomography images, PVA morphology was divided into paravascular microfolds (PM), paravascular cysts (PC) and paravascular lamellar holes (PLH). MTM was divided into T0-T5 grades, of which MTM≥T3 was defined as severe MTM. The state of vitreoretinal junction was observed and the state of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was recorded, which divided into complete PVD and partial PVD. Partial PVD was divided into macular fovea adhesions and paravascular adhesions according to the vitreoretinal adhesions. Posterior scleral staphyloma (PS) was divided into 6 types by ultra-wide-angle fundus photography. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors related to MTM.Results:In 72 eyes, PM, PC and PLH were 72 (100.0%, 72/72), 62 (86.1%, 62/72) and 29 (40.3%, 29/72) eyes, respectively. Among them, there were 10 (13.9%, 10/72) eyes with PM alone, 33 (45.8%, 33/72) eyes with PM and PC, and 29 (40.3%, 29/72) eyes with PM, PC and PLH, respectively. There were 42 eyes with partial PVD (58.3%, 42/72), among which the macular fovea and paravascular adhesion were 22 (52.4%, 22/42) and 24 (57.1%, 24/42) eyes, respectively. PS was present in 50 eyes (69.4%, 50/72), among which 27 (54.0%, 27/50), 21 (42.0%, 21/50), 1 (2.0%, 1/50), and 1 (2.0%, 1/50) eyes were types Ⅰ to Ⅳ, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AL[odds ratio ( OR)=16.139, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 4.062-64.120, P<0.001], PS ( OR=4.212, 95% CI 1.234-14.378, P=0.022), paravascular vitreoretinal adhesion (OR=3.478, 95% CI 11.124, P=0.036) were risk factors for PM, PC and PLH. MTM was present in 58 eyes (80.6%, 58/72), among which T1 was the most common type in 19 eyes (26.4%, 19/72). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of MTM was significantly correlated to PS ( OR=4.190, 95% CI 1.240-14.157, P=0.021), coexistence of PM, PC and PLH ( OR=11.323, 95% CI 1.389-92.311, P=0.023), and PS were significantly correlated. There was no correlation with PVD ( OR=1.889, 95% CI 0.580-6.150, P=0.291) or PS ( OR=2.778, 1.786; 95% CI 0.700-11.023; 0.445-7.167; P=0.146, 0.413). There was significant difference in the incidence of severe MTM between PM alone, PM combined with PC and coexistence of PM, PC and PLH ( χ2=20.943, P<0.001). Conclusions:PM is the most common and earliest manifestation of PVA in middle-aged and elderly HM patients. AL, PS and paravascular vitreoretinal adhesion are risk factors for PM, PC and PLH. The coexistence of three PVA forms may be a marker of severe MTM.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 148 MVP patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in Fuwai hospital from January 2012 to December 2015.The patients were divided into mucoid degeneration group (52 cases) and without mucoid degeneration group(19 cases) according to pathological examination of leaflets and chordate. Results: The clinical symptoms of MVP patients included dyspnea (59.5%(88/148)), chest distress and pain (52.7%(78/148)), and palpitations (36.5% (54/148)). Mitral valve repair was performed in 144 cases (97.3%), and mitral valve replacement was performed in 4 cases (2.7%). Posterior leaflet prolapse was the most common form of MVP (68.9%, 102/148). Pathological examination revealed myxomatous degeneration in 73.2% patients (52/71), fibrosis in 8.5% patients (6/71), and fibrinoid necrosis in 8.5% patients (6/71). Patients with mucoid degeneration had less atrial fibrillation before surgery (5.8%(3/52) vs. 42.1%(8/19), P<0.01), smaller preoperative left atrium diameter ((43.2±6.5) mm vs. (48.2±8.9) mm, P<0.05), more posterior leaflet prolapse (94.2%(49/52) vs. 63.2%(12/19), P<0.01), redundant chordae (26.9%(14/52) vs. 0, P<0.05) and leaflet thickening (76.9%(40/52) vs. 52.6%(10/19), P<0.05) when compared with patients without mucoid degeneration.Echocardiography examination at the postoperative follow-up of 39.0(22.3, 57.0) months revealed smaller left atrium diameter((38.5±7.1) mm vs. (45.3±8.3) mm, P<0.01), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ((48.9±6.2) mm vs. (57.5±7.6) mm, P<0.01), reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ((61.2±7.1)% vs. (65.1±6.2)%, P<0.01) and less moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (1.4%(2/148) vs. 100.0%(148/148), P<0.01) compared with the corresponding preoperative values. Conclusions Dyspnea is the main symptom, and mucoid degeneration characterized by redundant chordae and leaflet thickening are the main pathological features of MVP patients.The surgical treatment of MVP patients is related with satisfactory outcome results.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of glucose peritoneal dialysates (PDS) on monolayer transmesothelial electrical resistance (TER) and migration ability of cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) to clarify the cause of peritoneal hyperpermeability state and ultrafiltration failure during prolonged peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: HPMCs were cultured in a 1:1 mixture of DMEM and PDS containing 1.5%, 2.5%, and 4.25% glucose. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and TER were measured to determine the effect of glucose PDS on the proliferation and permeability of human peritoneal mesothelial monolayers, respectively. Wound-healing assay was used to confirm whether glucose could do harm to the migration of cells. RESULTS: Proliferation of HPMCs was significantly suppressed by different glucose concentrations at 24 hours. TER decreased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner after culture with different concentrations of glucose PDS. Cells lost migration in the presence of high glucose after 24 hours, and most cells lost their normal morphology and became detached from plates after 48 hours of wounding. CONCLUSION High glucose in PDS can cause peritoneal damage by suppressing cell proliferation, inducing increase in paracellular permeability of HPMCs and inhibiting cell migration after damage, which may be responsible for peritoneal hyperpermeability and the development of ultrafiltration failure.
Cell Line ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; drug effects ; Cell Movement ; Electric Impedance ; Epithelium ; metabolism ; Glucose ; adverse effects ; metabolism ; Hemodialysis Solutions ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneum ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the pathological changes and related factors leading to failure of bioprosthetic valves.Methods The surgical explanted bioprosthetic valves in Fuwai Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 2006 to December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.Calcification,cusp tears,pannus and infectious endocarditis of bioprosthetic valves were evaluated by gross examination,X ray photography and histopathological analysis.Meanwhile,the age and the site at implantation,and the tissue type of bioprosthetic valves,the implantation duration were obtained by chart review and used to be analyzed with the modes of valve failure.U test,x2 test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze the data.Results Total 48 bioprostbetic valves were collected from 40 cases with 26 females.Their age at the time of implantation was 12 to 71 years (median 58 years).The tissue types of bioprosthesis included 24 bovine pericardial valves and 24 porcine aortic valves respectively.The implantation sites included mitral in 29 valves,aortic in 14 valves and tricuspid in 5 valves.The implantation duration ranged from 5 days to 27 years (mean (111 ± 77) months).The study showed that the commonest mode of valve failure was structural valve deterioration (32 valves,66.7％).The fewer modes of valve failure were infectious endocarditis (9 valves,18.7％) and non-structural valve deterioration (7 valves,14.6％).No thrombosis was found in this series.The degree of calcification was correlated positively with implantation duration (r =0.52,P =0.000).The implantation duration of bovine pericardial valves was longer than that of porcine aortic valves ((146 ± 74) months vs.(77 ± 68) months,Z =-3.24,P =0.001).Porcine aortic valves had a higher incidence of cusp tears than bovine pericardial valves (66.7％ vs.16.7％,x2 =12.34,P =0.000) despite they had a relatively lower incidence of calcification (41.7％ vs.75.0％,x2 =5.37,P =0.019).For the age at the time of implantation,the patients ≤ 60 years old had more calcification of bioprosthetic valves compared with those ＞ 60 years old (45.1％ vs.2/17,x2 =5.51,P =0.019) whereas the patients ≤60 years old had fewer cusp tears (12.9％ vs.58.8％,P =0.002).Infectious endocarditis was found more frequently in the valves failure within 5 years than those failure after 5 years (6/14 vs.8.8％,P =0.006).Conclusions Structural valve deterioration is the principle cause of bioprosthetic valve failure while infectious endocarditis mainly involves the valves failure in early and middle terms after surgery.The mode of valve failure in the patients ≤60 years old is different from that in the patients ＞ 60 years old at the time of implantation.More calcification would occur in bioprosthetic valve in the younger patients.

Objective To investigate the pathological changes and related factors leading to failure of bioprosthetic valves.Methods The surgical explanted bioprosthetic valves in Fuwai Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 2006 to December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.Calcification,cusp tears,pannus and infectious endocarditis of bioprosthetic valves were evaluated by gross examination,X ray photography and histopathological analysis.Meanwhile,the age and the site at implantation,and the tissue type of bioprosthetic valves,the implantation duration were obtained by chart review and used to be analyzed with the modes of valve failure.U test,x2 test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze the data.Results Total 48 bioprostbetic valves were collected from 40 cases with 26 females.Their age at the time of implantation was 12 to 71 years (median 58 years).The tissue types of bioprosthesis included 24 bovine pericardial valves and 24 porcine aortic valves respectively.The implantation sites included mitral in 29 valves,aortic in 14 valves and tricuspid in 5 valves.The implantation duration ranged from 5 days to 27 years (mean (111 ± 77) months).The study showed that the commonest mode of valve failure was structural valve deterioration (32 valves,66.7％).The fewer modes of valve failure were infectious endocarditis (9 valves,18.7％) and non-structural valve deterioration (7 valves,14.6％).No thrombosis was found in this series.The degree of calcification was correlated positively with implantation duration (r =0.52,P =0.000).The implantation duration of bovine pericardial valves was longer than that of porcine aortic valves ((146 ± 74) months vs.(77 ± 68) months,Z =-3.24,P =0.001).Porcine aortic valves had a higher incidence of cusp tears than bovine pericardial valves (66.7％ vs.16.7％,x2 =12.34,P =0.000) despite they had a relatively lower incidence of calcification (41.7％ vs.75.0％,x2 =5.37,P =0.019).For the age at the time of implantation,the patients ≤ 60 years old had more calcification of bioprosthetic valves compared with those ＞ 60 years old (45.1％ vs.2/17,x2 =5.51,P =0.019) whereas the patients ≤60 years old had fewer cusp tears (12.9％ vs.58.8％,P =0.002).Infectious endocarditis was found more frequently in the valves failure within 5 years than those failure after 5 years (6/14 vs.8.8％,P =0.006).Conclusions Structural valve deterioration is the principle cause of bioprosthetic valve failure while infectious endocarditis mainly involves the valves failure in early and middle terms after surgery.The mode of valve failure in the patients ≤60 years old is different from that in the patients ＞ 60 years old at the time of implantation.More calcification would occur in bioprosthetic valve in the younger patients.